Study the effect of fire on aggregate stability, surface visible features and vegetation cover at the different scales in forests of south western coastal zone of the Caspian Sea
ali
akbarzadeh
Ph.D. Student, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Shahrekord University
author
Shoja
Ghorbani Dashtaki
Associate Professor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University
author
Mehdi
Naderi Khorasgani
Associate Professor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University
author
Jahangard
Mohammadi
Professor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University
author
Ruhollah
Taghizadeh Mehrjardi
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ardakan University
author
text
article
2017
per
Background and Objectives: Degradation of forest lands by fire is one of the major bioenvironmental problems in northern Iran that significantly changes the vegetation attributes and visible features at the soil surface and therefore, affects aggregate stability against erosive forces. The complete information from aggregate stability at the micro scale and type of features related to soil erosion at the plot and watershed scales leads to a perfect judgment about erosion risk in an area. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fire on aggregate stability, surface visible features and vegetation cover at the micro, plot and watershed scales in some parts of forest lands in west northern zone of the Guilan province. Material and Methods: In parcels separated in 15 fire-affected forests and 15 unburned forests adjacent to the fire-affected forests, in five geomorphological units, aggregate stability indices at the micro scale and microtopographic erosion features and litter percentage at the plot scale were measured. In addition, some vegetation attributes, drainage density index, and the presence of some morphodynamics features of soil erosion were evaluated at the watershed scale. Results: The results of analysis of variance showed that all aggregate stability indices as well as litter percentage and drainage density had significant differences within subjects (within burned and unburned forests). Among studied parameters, only litter percentage showed significant differences between subjects (geomorphological units). Results also revealed that the time reversibility for aggregate stability indices and drainage density to condition before fire was about four to five years. Also, increasing the fire severity from low to high and changing of fire type from surface to canopy had the most effect on mean weight diameter of aggregates. Assessment of microtopographical erosion features at the plot scale revealed that some of them had variations in burned sites compared with the control sites. At the watershed scale, the rills, gullies and landslides were more abundant in the burned sites than the unburned sites. The correlation coefficients between measured properties related to different scales showed that there were significant correlations between some of them at the various scales. Conclusion: The soil aggregate stability indices are very useful to evaluate the power of formation of many microtopographic and morphodynamics features of soil erosion at the plot and watershed scales. The results of this study can be used for assessment of soil erosion risk in forest lands and can be useful for management of woodlands.
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
7
v.
1
no.
2017
1
20
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_3646_b20237653812e90b60b77e79a287628f.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2017.11068.1645
Response of grain yield and other agronomic characteristics of two native and high- yield rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars to nitrogen fertilizer rate in Rasht.
محبوبه
شهبازی
دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
author
ابراهیم
زینلی
عضو هییت علمی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
author
سراالله
گالشی
عضو هییت علمی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
author
سید محمدرضا
احتشامی
عضو هییت علمی دانشگاه گیلان
author
حمید
درستی
عضو هییت علمی موسسه تحقیقات برنج کشور
author
text
article
2017
per
Background and Objectives: Nitrogen makes up about 2 to 5% of the dry matter and its insufficient restricts the yield of crops such as rice more than other mineral nutrients. High demand of crops to nitrogen, decreasing the soil nitrogen supply, high potential of nitrogen loss and also considerable increase in yield potential of new cultivars of rice has led to significant increase in nitrogen fertilizer application in the production of rice and other crops. Therefore, optimizing the rate of nitrogen fertilizer application is one of the important management strategies for yield improvement, reducing the costs of production and maintaining the quality of environment. Material and Methods: To investigate the response of grain yield and other important agronomic characteristics to fertilizer nitrogen rate, and to determine the optimum fertilizer nitrogen rate in two native and improved (high-yield) rice cultivars, an experiment was conducted at research field of Rice Research Institute of Iran located in Rasht in 2013. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design as a factorial experiment with four replications that rice cultivar (native cultivar Hashemi and high-yield cultivar Sepidrood) and fertilizer N rate (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 kg ha-1 of urea fertilizer) were experimental factors. Results: Analysis of variance showed a significant effect of cultivar, fertilizer N rate and their interactions on the grain and biological yield. Results showed that grain yield was variable from 1.92 ton per ha in control to 5.5 ton per ha in 120 kg N ha treatment in Hashemi cultivar and grain yield was varied from 4.13 ton per ha in control to 8.87 in 160 kg N ha treatment in Sepidroud cultivar. The results of regression analysis showed a different response of grain yield to increase in nitrogen fertilizer rate in two rice cultivars. The results also showed a significant linear relationship between the nitrogen fertilizer rate (X) and grain (Y = 4418.5 + 29.3X, R2= 0.97) and biological (Y = 7344.0 + 74.9X, R2= 0.99) yield (Y) in Sepidroud, while, quadratic equation had more accuracy to describe the relationship between the nitrogen fertilizer rate and grain (Y=1.6221+ 0.0344x -8E-05x2) and biological (Y= 2.5107+ 0.0973x- 0.0002x2) yield in native cultivar (Hashemi). Conclusion: The results of this experiment showed that in both Hashemi native and Speedroud high-yield cultivars, the amount of fertilizer nitrogen affects grain yield, significantly. The average grain yield of Hashemi was increased by increasing the amount of fertilizer nitrogen up to 120 kg N per hectare, but increasing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer from 120 to 160 kg per hectare reduced the grain yield. However, increasing nitrogen fertilizer rate from 0 to160 kg per hectare led to linear increase in grain yield in Sepidrood cultivar. These results indicate the inability of the soil to supply crop nitrogen requirements and the necessity of the use of fertilizer nitrogen to achieve high yields, more effective use of fertilizer nitrogen in Sepidrood, and more fertilizer nitrogen rate in this cultivar to maximize grain yield. Based on these results, it is likely to achieve higher yields than maximum yield obtained in this study using fertilizer nitrogen more than 160 kg per hectare.
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
7
v.
1
no.
2017
21
38
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_3647_5a89b5d47de96544fc157abfbb144b0f.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2017.8997.1543
The effects of soil moisture levels on organic phosphorus mineralization and rate constant of decomposition
zahra
najafi
فارغ التحصیل کارشناسی ارشد/دانشگاه زنجان
author
احمد
گلچین
استاد/دانشگاه زنجان
author
text
article
2017
per
Background and objectives: Plant residues, due to having amounts of nutrients that required by plants, plays an important role in the natural cycle of this elements. Due to the role of plant residues in the improvement of soil fertility, understanding the various management practices and choose the best method of management is necessary. A combination of environmental and biological factors are involved in organic phosphorus mineralization. Microbes are agents responsible for litter degradation and abiotic factors such as temperature, soil type, bulk density, soil moisture and irrigation water quality influence organic phosphorus mineralization rates since microbial activities are affected by these factors. The rate of organic phosphorus mineralization is higher in warm and moist environments than in cold or dry sites. Due to the inverse relationship between soil moisture and aeration this experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of soil moisture levels on organic phosphorus mineralization and rate constant of decomposition. Materials and methods: This experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of soil moisture on organic phosphorus mineralization and degradation rate constant of phosphorus from alfalfa and barley residues. For this purpose, a split – split plot experiment with three replications was conducted using litter bag method in greenhouse. Factors examined were types of plant residue (barley and alfalfa), soil moisture levels (10, 25, 50, 75 and100% saturation) and incubation time intervals (1, 2, 3 and 4 months). At the end of incubation periods, the litter bags were pulled of the pots and the weights of plant residues remained in bags were measured. The plant residues were also analyzed for organic phosphorus using colorimetry method. Organic phosphorus mineralization were calculated by subtracting the remaining amounts of organic phosphorus in one incubation time interval from those of the latter incubation. Results: The results showed that the amounts of organic phosphorus mineralization after 4 months were 25.24, 36.38, 43.40, 36.87 and 31.25% for plant residues when the soil moisture levels were adjusted at 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of saturation percentage (sp) respectively. The corresponding amounts for degradation rate constant of phosphorus were also 0.13, 0.20, 0.26, 0.21 and 0.16 Mounth-1 for plant residues. Conclusion: The rate of organic phosphorus mineralization in the first month of incubation were higher than the sum of those mineralization in the other months of incubation. maximum amounts of phosphorus mineralization observed at 50% sp. The results also showed that in the case of organic phosphorus, soil moisture abound is a strong limiting factor for phosphorus mineralization same as soil moisture deficit and in saturated soils the amount of organic phosphorus mineralization was same to low levels of soil moisture.
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
7
v.
1
no.
2017
39
54
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_3648_5d6d80baff1cbb50a33543e7733d605e.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2017.10292.1611
Comparison the Viewpoint of Conventional and Digital Soil Mapping using Functional Diversity Approach
(A Case Study: Shahrekord Plain, Chaharmahal-Va-Bakhtiari Province)
زهره
مصلح
دانشگاه شهرکرد
author
محمدحسن
صالحی
دانشگاه شهرکرد
author
اعظم
جعفری
دانشگاه باهنر کرمان
author
عبدالمحمد
محنت کش
مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی شهرکرد
author
عیسی
اسفندیارپور بروجنی
دانشگاه ولیعصر رفسنجان
author
عباس
امینی فسخودی
دانشگاه اصفهان
author
text
article
2017
per
Background and objectives: The accurate information about the spatial distribution of land suitability assessment are important elements for sustainable land management and diversity is a way for measuring soil variation. Beside, soil surveys are important sources of data that can be used to improve land suitability classifications. Unfortunately, comparing the variation of land suitability using diversity indices and different soil mapping approaches is rarely considered. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate the viewpoint of different soil mapping approaches (conventional and digital soil mapping) for description the variation of suitability class and subclass for main irrigated crops (wheat, maize, alfalfa and potato) in Shahrekord plain of Chaharmahal-Va-Bakhtiari province. Materials and methods: The area under investigation has a size of approximately 10000 ha. 120 pedons with approximate distance of 750 m were excavated and described. Soil samples were taken and their physicochemical properties were determined. Soil map was prepared at family level. For the representative pedons, the average of soil properties was determined by considering the depth weighted coefficient up to 100 and 150 centimeters for annual and perennial crops, respectively. Based on FAO framework, suitability class and subclass for main irrigated crops were determined using parametric method. Also, Random Forest model was used to predict suitability class and subclass for all of the crops. Then, for each crop, the map units that have the highest frequency in land suitability conventional map were selected as indicator to calculate functional diversity indices. The selected map units were overlaid on digital maps and diversity indices were calculated. Then, the mean of Shannon’s diversity index for two approaches was statistically evaluated. Results: For all of the studied crops, significant difference was not observed for diversity between mean values of conventional and digital maps at class level. However, in the subclass level, a significant difference (95% confidence level) was obtained only for potato. For all of the studied crops, regardless the mapping approaches, diversity indices showed higher values in the subclass level than class level of suitability. This difference was significant at 0.001 probability level for alfalfa, maize and potato using two mapping approaches and for wheat in digital maps. Conclusion: No significant difference was observed between two mapping approaches for all of the studied crops confirm that description the variation of suitability class and subclass less influenced by the land use type and mapping approaches. The results recommended that revision of the FAO criteria to include the spatial distribution of soil properties for sustainable land management.
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
7
v.
1
no.
2017
55
70
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_3649_31bf264d497b78ee62eda856d16d5a85.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2017.10079.1599
Evaluation the soil water repellency in relation to tree species, soil organic carbon pools and aggregate stability
(Case study: Shalman Seed and Seedling of Forest Tree Species Research Station, Guilan Province)
Karim
Atashnama
جهاد کشاورزی
author
Ahmad
Golchin
Faculty of Soil Science Department, Zanjan University.
author
Abdollah
Mousavi Koupar
Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education center of Guilan
author
text
article
2017
per
Background and Objectives: Soil water repellency (SWR) is a soil characteristic that creates strong resistance to water penetration and decreases infiltration time from a few seconds to hours, days or weeks. The undesirable consequences of SWR have received interest from the scientific literature. However, the SWR has some beneficial aspects like increasing aggregate stability. Although several authors have reported the soil organic carbon as the origin of SWR but it seems only some parts of the soil organic carbon are hydrophobic and are involved in SWR. Thus, the aims of this study were: (a) to determine which soil organic carbon pools are linked with SWR, (b) to assess the impact of SWR on aggregate stability and (c) to determine which vegetative cover produce more hydrophobic organic compounds and contribute to SWR. Materials and Methods: Soil samples were collected from the 0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm layers of the lands under different forest tree species including Populus caspica, Oak (Quercus castaneifolia), Alder (Alnus glutinosa), Bald cypress (Taxodium distichum), Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) and Juniper (Juniperus polycarpos). The soil samples were analyzed for organic carbon content, pH, water repellency and aggregate stability (MWD) and were also separated to different organic matter pools based on particle size fractionation. The experimental variables were soil depth and kinds of vegetative cover and the data obtained from the soil samples were analyzed statistically by a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using a factorial experiment with completely randomized design and 30 replications. Also Pearson linear correlation was used to indicate the relationships between the measure characteristics. Results: The vegetative covers and soil depths had significant impacts on SWR and the measured soil properties. The highest water drop penetration time (WDPT) was measured for the surface soil layer (0-5 cm). About 13.33 and 3.33 % (n=30) of the samples collected from the soil surface under P. taeda and T. distichum had the more than one hour WDPT (extremely repellent class). In contrast, the lowest SWR classes were mostly observed under the vegetative covers of P. caspica, Q. castaneifolia and A. glutinosa which were broadleaves tree species. The water repellency decreased with soil depth and 82.22% of the soil samples collected from the 10-20 cm layer of all tree species (n=180) determined as wettable soil (WDPT< 5 s). The Pearson linear correlation showed a positive relationship among SWR and total organic carbon (r=0.19, P Conclusion: The strong correlation between SWR and the organic carbon content of the sand fraction indicates that this fraction contains organic compounds that contribute to SWR. Increase in soil pH and extent of decomposition of soil organic matter, however changes the solubility of soil organic matter and decrease SWR. As the soil aggregation depends on the total soil organic carbon content, the stability of aggregates is affected by hydrophobic fraction of soil organic carbon. Despite the extreme SWR in coniferous, Considering the undesirable quality of soil under coniferous trees such as low pH, MWD and organic carbon content, it is recommended to use discretion in the selection of these species for afforestation and reforestation projects.
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
7
v.
1
no.
2017
71
86
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_3650_802c806e321056c8b406e61fb1961888.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2017.11620.1667
Comparison the size effect of aluminum and silicon oxides on runoff and soil loss
حجت
امامی
هیات علمی
author
نواز اله
مرادی
دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد
author
علیرضا
آستارایی
دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد
author
امیر
فتوت
دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد
author
text
article
2017
per
Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: Soil conservation and erosion control is one of the important priority in agriculture and natural resources. There is different methods for soil reclamation and erosion control. Application of amendments in soil is one of the methods for improving the soil physical properties and prevent the soil erosion in last years. Regard to unique characteristics of nano particles such as high specific area, they can be used for soil reclamation and erosion control. Therefore, the aim of this research was to compare the effect of nano silicon oxide (nSio2), nano Aluminum oxide (nAl2o3), silicon oxide (Sio2) and, Aluminum oxide (Al2o3) on runoff and soil loss. Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the effect of aluminum silicon oxides, and nano size scale of this materials on runoff and soil loss a silt loam was selected. The studied soil was collected from Agricultural Research Center of Khorasan Razavi province, was air dried, and passed through 4.0-mm sieve. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with 9 treatments and 3 replications. The studied treatments include control (without any amendment) nano aluminum oxide (0.002 and 0.005%), nano silicon oxide (0.002 and 0.005%), aluminum oxide (0.002 and 0.005%) and silicon oxide (0.002 and 0.005%). After addition the different treatments to soil in boxes of 6 Kg, they were incubated for 4 months at moisture range from field capacity (FC) to 50% of FC at 18-25oC in greenhouse condition. The experiments was performed in slope of 2.5% using rainfall simulation with rainfall intensity of 45 mm h-1 for 20 min and after then runoff volume , soil loss, runoff coefficient and mean weight diameter of wet aggregates (MWDwet) were measured. Statistical analysis by one way analysis and comparison of means at P Results: The results showed that application of both type of amendments had a significant effect on runoff, soil loss and runoff coefficient. The minimum values of runoff, soil loss and runoff coefficient were obtained by application of 0.005 % of nano silicon and -aluminum oxides and they had the significant difference with other treatments. Also, the highest values of runoff, soil loss and runoff coefficient were noted in control treatment. There was no significant difference between the similar concentrations of nano silicon oxide and nano aluminum oxide. The different concentrations of both amendments increased significantly the mean weight diameter of wet aggregates compared to the control. Conclusion: The results of this research demonstrated the positive effects of aluminum and silicon oxides in decreasing the runoff, soil loss and runoff coefficient, and nano materials was better than coarse oxides for decreasing the runoff and soil loss.
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
7
v.
1
no.
2017
87
99
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_3651_d16437401f4eecb47b9ea87ecbac36c0.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2017.10935.1636
The effect of different levels of potassium chloride and temperature on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of Citrus Aurantium seedlings
zeinab
rafierad
zanjan University
author
text
article
2017
per
Abstract Low temperature is one of the most important limiting environmental factors the development and production of citrus cultivar. One of solution for improvement of plant tolerance to abiotic stresses is nutrition of potassium fertilizers. Accordingly, in this study, the effects of KCl consumption with different concentrations (0, 2.5, 5 and 10mM) and in (0, -3 and 25° C) temperatures on physiological and biochemical responses of young shoots of citrus were evaluated in a completely randomized design at the Citrus Research Institute in the city of Ramsar in 1392, with four replications . Results showed that in treatment of 0 mM potassium chloride and temperature of -3 (°C) was observed the maximum of carotenoid and lipid peroxidation. The maximum chlorophyll a, b, total were observed in highest concentration of potassium chloride and temperature of 25 °C. Highest proline, were occurred in 0 mM concentration potassium chloride and temperature -3 °C. Generally, potassium by increasing of leaf water content and decreasing secondary metabolites such as proline and leaf water potential causes to increase of cell membrane stability tolerance in low temperature stress. Abstract Low temperature is one of the most important limiting environmental factors the development and production of citrus cultivar. One of solution for improvement of plant tolerance to abiotic stresses is nutrition of potassium fertilizers. Accordingly, in this study, the effects of KCl consumption with different concentrations (0, 2.5, 5 and 10mM) and in (0, -3 and 25° C) temperatures on physiological and biochemical responses of young shoots of citrus were evaluated in a completely randomized design at the Citrus Research Institute in the city of Ramsar in 1392, with four replications . Results showed that in treatment of 0 mM potassium chloride and temperature of -3 (°C) was observed the maximum of carotenoid and lipid peroxidation. The maximum chlorophyll a, b, total were observed in highest concentration of potassium chloride and temperature of 25 °C. Highest proline, were occurred in 0 mM concentration potassium chloride and temperature -3 °C. Generally, potassium by increasing of leaf water content and decreasing secondary metabolites such as proline and leaf water potential causes to increase of cell membrane stability tolerance in low temperature stress. Abstract Low temperature is one of the most important limiting environmental factors the development and production of citrus cultivar. One of solution for improvement of plant tolerance to abiotic stresses is nutrition of potassium fertilizers. Accordingly, in this study, the effects of KCl consumption with different concentrations (0, 2.5, 5 and 10mM) and in (0, -3 and 25° C) temperatures on physiological and biochemical responses of young shoots of citrus were evaluated in a completely randomized design at the Citrus Research Institute in the city of Ramsar in 1392, with four replications . Results showed that in treatment of 0 mM potassium chloride and temperature of -3 (°C) was observed the maximum of carotenoid and lipid peroxidation. The maximum chlorophyll a, b, total were observed in highest concentration of potassium chloride and temperature of 25 °C. Highest proline, were occurred in 0 mM concentration potassium chloride and temperature -3 °C. Generally, potassium by increasing of leaf water content and decreasing secondary metabolites such as proline and leaf water potential causes to increase of cell membrane stability tolerance in low temperature stress.
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
7
v.
1
no.
2017
101
114
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_3652_5e4bd8fb01590b46665d3457b956ff86.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2017.9012.1544
The effect of chemical properties of soil on symbiosis of apple and grape with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
مهدی
صدروی
هیئت علمی/ دانشگاه یاسوج
author
زهره
عوض زاده مهریان
دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد/ دانشگاه یاسوج
author
text
article
2017
per
Background and objectives: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), are natural obligate root symbiont of 80 percent of plants, and play a key role in water and some nutrients, particularly phosphorus, absorption and sustainable production of field crops and fruit trees. Some of these fungi reported from grape's rhizosphere, and some species increased apple seedlings growth. This research was conducted to investigate the presence of these fungi in apple and grape orchards of Boyer-Ahmad and Dena areas, southwest Iran, and the impact of soil chemical properties on their symbiotic relationships. Materials and Methods: Sixty samples were collected from the rhizosphere of apples and grapes in this region. Spores of AMF were isolated by wet sieving and decanting method and then centrifuged in sugar solution, and spores population of these fungi estimated at 100 grams of each samples. The trap pot culture for each sample was established with maize in the greenhouse, for 14 weeks. AMF species were identified with study the morphological characteristics of isolated spores from the samples and trap pot cultures. Root length colonization was measured in each sample, after discoloring roots with 10% KOH, and their staining with Lactophenol-Anilinblue solution. Soil texture, pH, EC and soil phosphorus, were appointed, for each sample. The correlation coefficients of soil chemical properties with AMF spores population, and root length colonization were measured, for each plant. Results: AMF were present in all samples. The mean of the spores population, species richness, and root length colonization in apple were 1474, 3.3 and 67.28; and in grape were 1045, 2.8 and 40.41. Fourteen species of these fungi belong to the 8 genera were identified as follow: Funneliformis constrictum, F. caledonium, F. mosseae, F. geosporum, Glomus deserticola, G. microaggregatum, Rhizophagus fasciculatus, R. clarus, Claroideoglomus claroideum, C. etunicatum, Scutellospora calospora, Entrophospora infrequens, Ambispora gerdemannii, Acaulospora bireticulata. F. mosseae had the highest frequency by 76.6%. The soil texture of samples were varied from clay to loamy. Soil pH, EC and phosphorus, had negative correlations with AMF spores population and root length colonization. The correlation coefficient of AMF spores population with soil pH, EC and phosphorus was -0.02, -0.42 and -0.04 in apple, and -0.45, -0.30 and -0.01 in grape respectively. Also correlation coefficients of the root length colonization with soil pH, EC and phosphorus were -0.22, -0.19 and -0.38 in apple, and -0.44, -0.15 and -0.16 in grape respectively. Conclusion: The presence of AMF in all samples indicated that these plants need to this symbiosis for their natural growth and development. AMF spores population, species richness and root length colonization in apple samples were greater than the grape. More frequency of F.mosseae, reflects its ability to establish symbiotic relationship with these plants and the impact on their growth. The negative correlation between the amount of phosphorus, pH and electrical conductivity of soil with a spores population of AMF and root length colonization indicate that the ability of AMF symbiosis with these plants and their propagation are higher in soils with low phosphorus, pH and salinity. Therefore the use of AMF to improve the growth of these plants can be suggested in such soils.
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
7
v.
1
no.
2017
115
125
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_3653_4c9078c4cb961630a7c19fe7b2fbd34a.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2017.9841.1581
Effect of Land Use on the Performance of selected soil water Infiltration Models
محمود رضا
سعدی خانی
دانشجو
author
اکبر
سهرابی
هیئت علمی
author
text
article
2017
per
Background and objectives: Soil water infiltration is one of the key properties for designing irrigation systems, hydrological studies, water resources management, drainage projects and soil conservation practices in watershed scale. Also, an accuracy assessment amount of infiltration considering the time for estimation of stored water in the root zone plant is great important in the design and planning irrigation. For this purpose, researchers always drift suitable model for quantity expression of infiltration water to soil. The importance of infiltration has caused to develop different physical and empirical models to estimate the process. In this study, the performance of Green and Ampt, Philip, Horton, Soil Conservation Service (SCS), Kostiakov and Kostiakov-Lewis infiltration models under different land uses were evaluated Materials and Methods: Studied soils were in the order of Aridisol, Inseptisol, Entisol and Mollisol and were in the land use of including agronomy, gardens and grassland. The number of measured infiltration in land use of agronomy, garden and grassland were 37, 25 and 20 types of soil, respectively. For this purpose, the infiltration data were obtained by double rings method from 82 point of in different region of Meshkin, Ardabil province. The parameters of these models were then obtained, using least square optimization method. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the models, the root mean square error (RMSE), standard deviation of RMSEs (SDRMSED) and R2 statistics were calculated. Results and Discussions: The results showed that compared with other models, estimation of the cumulative infiltration Kostiakov-Lewis model has been consistent trend in all three land use ranked first (R2=0.997, RMSE=0.206 and SDRMSED=0.201). Considering obtained from total evaluation, estimation of cumulative infiltration by infiltration models in this study were as Kostiakov-Lewis and Horton models in first and second rank, Green-Ampt and SCS model in third rank and Kostiakov and Philip in fourth and fifth rank, respectively. So, we can say that the infiltration models examined, Model Kostiakov-Lewis is the best model for quantifying the process of infiltration. One reason for the excellence of Kostiakov-Louis model was great number of parameters than SCS, Kostiakov, Green-Ampt and Philip models and the fitting method is to determine the parameters mentioned models. This feature makes more flexible of this model than other model. s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s ss s s s s sd s s s s s
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
7
v.
1
no.
2017
127
138
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_3654_2e66a9fab43723481ef27be2be7ac28f.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2017.10297.1612
Spatial variability of soil properties in a qualitative suitability map unit (A case study: soybean cultivation in Astaneh area, Guilan province)
سعید
اسدی
دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد گروه علوم خاک دانشگاه گیلان
author
Nafiseh
Yaghmaeian Mahabadi
aAssistant Professor. Soil SCi. Dept.University of Guilan
author
text
article
2017
per
Abstract Background and objectives: Soil maps are a common source of soil information for land suitability evaluation. Thus, soil mapping is one of the most important steps in soil studies. Indeed, soil mapping has a significant effect in land management because that used as a source of soil data for decision making in land suitability for different purposes. Therefore, the accuracy of the source maps used for crop recommendations is due to the accuracy of soil maps. Soil is a complex system and effective factors on its changes are not identified properly. So preparation of soil maps can show the soils variability, is one of the main apprehension of soil scientists. The objective of this study was to qualitative land suitability evaluation for soybean in Astaneh area, Guilan province and investigate the soil properties’ spatial variability in one of the qualitative land suitability map in study area. Materials and methods: In order to qualitative land suitability evaluation 24 pedons were excavated. Then, representative pedons were chosen and soil samples were taken from the genetic horizons to determine soil classification. Qualitative land suitability maps were obtained according to representative pedon analysis using parametric method. Next to know the spatial variability of soil properties, 76 surface soil samples (0-30 cm) were taken from a regular grid of 20 × 20 m in a 80 × 380m plot. Ordinary kriged maps were achieved for studied soil attributes such as percent of clay, silt, sand, organic matter, equivalent calcium carbonate, pH and EC after physico-chemical analyses. Results: The results of qualitative land suitability evaluation showed that the study area is moderately and marginally suitable (S2, S3) and soil drainage is the main constraint for soybean production. Statistical results in land unit with marginal suitability class (S3) showed that the highest and lowest CV was related to EC (24.35%) and pH (1.03%) respectively. Variography showed that a good spatial structure for studied variables. The ranges of spatial dependence showed a variation from 22.1 m for pH up to 120 m for EC. Kriged maps demonstrated that soil properties did not have a random pattern but had a spatial distribution. Considering the kriged maps were generated for land unit with marginal suitability class (S3w), it can be stated that expansion of representative pedon suitability class to all unit area and assumption of uniformity soil attributes in suitability map units may lead to not credible results. Conclusion: Soil properties’ spatial variability pattern can be different in a farm managed by a farmer. Generalization of representative pedon analyses to all unit area, the use of soil map units as land suitability units may lead to unsatisfactory results. This indicates that these land suitability maps have not enough credibility for land use planning. Using information of all pedons as well as representative pedons in land units and combining the information of suitability maps with geostatistical data can be a choice way to improve the accuracy and quality of land suitability maps. Keywords: Qualitative land suitability evaluation, Variogram, Kriging, Soil mapping
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
7
v.
1
no.
2017
139
146
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_3655_8b1b15745eeccb6acc7020108b864cb4.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2017.9709.1574