Simultaneous effects of wind and rain on hydraulic parameters of sheet flow and interrill erosion rate
Ruhollah
Rezaei Arshad
Ph.D. Student, Department of Soil Science, Agriculture Faculty, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman.
author
Majid
Mahmoodabadi
Department of Soil Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman
author
text
article
2018
per
Abstract Background and objectives: Many natural rainstorms are accompanied by wind blowing. However, so far no comprehensive research has been reported on the influence of wind on rain-induced erosion under laboratory conditions in Iran. The present study was conducted to investigate the interactive effects of different wind velocities and rain intensities on flow hydraulic parameters and on interrill erosion rate of several agricultural soils. For this purpose, a simultaneous wind, rain and runoff simulator was used, which has been designed and constructed for the first time in the country. Materials and methods: Various combinations of four wind speeds including 0, 6, 9 and 12 m s-1, three rain intensities of 30, 50 and 75 mm h-1 were introduced on three cropland soils with different aggregate size distributions with the largest particle size of 2, 4.75, and 8 mm, each at three replications. Different flow hydraulic parameters including mean flow velocity, flow depth, shear stress, stream power and unit stream power and also the rate of interrill erosion were measured. Afterwards, the effects of wind velocity on the flow hydraulic parameters and also the influence of these parameters on interrill erosion rate were assessed. Results: The results showed that depending on the wind velocity, the rate of interrill erosion varied from 0.021 and 0.22 g m-2 s-1. In this research, the wind velocity of 6 m s-1 was introduced as a threshold value. With increasing wind speed particularly those speeds higher than the threshold, the flow parameters of velocity and unit stream power increased, whereas, flow depth and shear stress decreased. In addition, stream power increased as the wind speed increased up to the threshold wind velocity, and at the higher wind speeds, the reverse trend was observed. The result indicated that wind speed can control interrill erosion rate by affecting on flow hydraulic parameters. Interrill erosion increased with increasing velocity and unit stream power of the flow, while it was reduced when flow depth, shear stress and stream power increased, this was attributed to the expenditure of raindrops energy for passing through water depth. In fact, the opposite relationship between flow velocity and water depth affects the other hydraulic parameters. Moreover, the presence of coarser aggregates at the soil surface increased water depth and decreased the velocity and unit stream power of flow, resulting in reduced interrill erosion. Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that in wind-driven rains particularly at those wind speeds higher than 6 m s-1, interrill erosion rate is intensified because of increasing in rain erosivity and flow velocity and decreasing in flow depth. It was found that with appropriate soil management in agricultural lands for increasing the size and strength of surface aggregates, flow velocity and consequently soil erosion can be reduced. From another point of view, the presence of stable and coarser aggregates at soil surface decreases interril erosion. Overall, the findings of this research revealed the importance and necessity of more studies on soil erosion processes due to wind-driven rain.
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
8
v.
2
no.
2018
1
22
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_4178_8b16ff1ec9107b0e926bc2696c837c62.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2018.14196.1787
Effect of Sulfur, Thiobacillus bacteria and phosphorus on the yield and nutrient elements uptake of wheat in calcareous soil
kazem
khavazi
Soil and Water Research Institute, Agriculture Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karag, IRAN
author
vahid alah
jahandideh mahjan abadi
Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
author
Farhad
Taghipoor
Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education center of Semnan, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization.
author
text
article
2018
per
Background and objectives: Investigating the status of nutrients in calcareous soils shows that despite the abundance of some nutrients (such as phosphorus, iron, and zinc) in these soils, the available form of these nutrients is less than the amount required for plant growth, and the deficiency of nutrients is one of limiting factor in the production of plants especially wheat in these soils. Sulfur application and soil inoculation with Thiobacillus bacteria may improve the availability of nutrients in calcareous soils and consequently increase the plants growth. The purpose of this research was investigating the effect of sulfur application and Thiobacillus bacteria on the yield and nutrient uptake of wheat at different levels of phosphorus in a calcareous soil and in field conditions. Material and methods: In 2011 a factorial experiment arranged in a complete randomize block design consisting of three levels of sulfur along with Thiobacillus bacteria (without sulfur and Thiobacillus (S0T0), application of 500 Kg S + 10 Kg Thiobacillus (S500T10), 1000 Kg S + 20 Kg Thiobacillus (S1000T20) and 2000 Kg S + 40 Kg Thiobacillus (S2000T40) per hectare) and three levels of triple super phosphate (without phosphorus (P0), 65 (P65%) and 100 (P100%) percent phosphorus recommended based on soil test) with three replication in field conditions. The leaf samples were collected before pollination and the content of phosphorus; zinc and iron were measured in them. After harvest, the yield components such as grain and straw yield, panicle length and 1000 seed weight in each treatment were determined. Then, from each plot, five kilograms of soil was taken from 0 to 15 cm depth and after dried out and sifted with a two-millimeter sieve, the concentration of phosphorus, zinc and iron of soil was determined in them. Results: With the application of sulfur along with Thiobacillus bacteria, the yield components and uptake of iron, zinc and phosphorus of wheat leaf increased compared to the control treatment, although the grain yield, straw yield and uptake of iron between the different levels of sulfur along with Thiobacillus bacteria showed a no significant difference. Using of phosphorus significantly increased the grain yield, straw yield, 1000 grain weight and uptake of iron and phosphorus of wheat leaf, but no significant difference was observed between treatments 65 (P65%) and 100 (P100%) percent phosphorus recommended based on soil test. In conditions of without phosphorus (P0), with consumption of 1000 kg ha-1 sulfur along with 20 kg ha-1 of Thiobacillus (S1000T20), grain yield, straw yield and panicle length increased compared with the control (124, 123 and 31% respectively), but with increasing levels of sulfur and bacteria, a decrease was observed in these parameters. The highest uptake of leaf iron and phosphorus were showed in combined treatments S1000T20 + P100% and S2000T20 + P65%, respectively. With the increase of sulfur along with Thiobacillus bacteria, Zn concentration and pH of soil decreased and the lowest values of these characteristics were observed at the highest levels of sulfur and bacteria. At all levels of phosphorus application, the consumption of 500 kg ha-1 sulfur along with 10 kg ha-1 Thiobacillus bacteria (S500T10) increased the phosphorus concentration in soil and highest contents of it was were obtained of combined treatments S500T10 + P65% (31% more than S0T0 + P0 treatment). Conclusion: In conditions of without Sulfur and Thiobacillus bacteria (S0P0), consumption of 65 percent (P65%) phosphorus recommended based on soil test is appropriate for optimum yield for wheat. Consumption of 1000 kg ha-1 sulfur along with 20 kg ha-1 of Thiobacillus (S1000T20) in conditions of without phosphorus (P0), are recommended for use in agriculture and wheat yield increase.
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
8
v.
2
no.
2018
23
41
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_4179_d00a2009e01206967e5458d2b1177574.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2018.13665.1761
Study of the effects of land use change and construction of sugarcane fields on physicochemical, mineralogical and micromorphological characteristics of soil in southern Khuzestan province
احمد
لندی
Shahid Chamran University of ahvaz
author
SARA
POURKEIHAN
STUDENT OF SHAHID CHAMRAN UNIVERSITY
author
MOSTAFA
CHOROM
Professor
author
SAEID
HOJATI
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
author
Siroos
Jafari
Associate Pro. of Soil Science, Khozestan-Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University
author
text
article
2018
per
Background and objectives: sugarcane cultivation with unique conditions for growth such as long growth season, higher water demand and using the heavy agricultural machinaries in different stages of the sugarcane cultivation can affect on soil properties and soil resources. The present research aims are physicochemical investigation and study of clay mineralogy and micromorphology properties of soils under sugarcane cultivation in comparison with noncultivated soils. Materials and methods: Study area is located in fields of the Amir Kabir Agro-industry company about 45 km south of the city of Ahvaz on river alluvial plains. The soil moisture and temperature regimes are Aridic and Hyper thermic, respectively. At first, all field sheets of agro-industry are checked and then four fields are selected without any limitation and with more than 15 years sugarcane cultivation. Four profile was described in fields and its nearby uncultivated land (distance of approximately 30 meters from field) and were sampled according to conventional procedures. The physicochemical properties consist of available K, organic carbon, CEC and particle size distribution were determined. Also, mineralogical and micromorphological properties of samples were determined and All data were statistically analyzed using the SPSS 2012 software program and then results were compared. Results:The results of this survey indicated that land use change and cultivation operation in non-cultivated regions have not high quality can change some properties of soil quality; But the severity of these changes were not the same for different soil characteristics. Some properties were changed in cultivated soils such as EC, available K and particle size distribution. In this study, no significant difference was seen between pH amount from land use change that can be attributed to the high buffering capacity of the soil and the high levels of carbonates in Khuzestan soils. Long-term cultivation result important changes in the clay minerals in sugarcane fields that majority of these changes are refered to mineral conversion and K element. Expandable 2:1 minerals were observed under sugarcane cultivated especially in surface horizons that are attributed to reduction in the amount of palygorskite and illite. Micromorphological study of thin sections of descripted horizons indicated aggregation with weak pedality in some cultivated soils. Also, In most descripted horizons of profiles in cultivated fields, the percentage of pores increases . The comparison between cultivated soil and noncultivated lands indicated thad there is no difference between them aspect of classification and land use change did not affect on soil family. This research showed that intensive cultivation and heavy irrigation cause alteration in mineralogy and element requirement changes of soils. Conclution:Land use change cause some basic changes in physicochemical, mineralogical and micromorphological properties of soil in sugarcane fields.
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
8
v.
2
no.
2018
43
61
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_4180_bda62a1d9f0c00d4bdb4cf3a1fb96c1f.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2018.13309.1745
Effect of some organic and chemical fertilizers on zinc uptake and growth indices of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.).
Sahar
Monjezi
M.Sc, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran
author
Mojtaba
Norouzi masir
Assistant professor of soil science, Shahid chamran university of Ahvaz
author
Abdolamir
Moezzi
Associate Professor of Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran
author
Mohammad
Mahmoudisourestani
Associate Professor of Horticulture Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran
author
text
article
2018
per
Effect of some organic and chemical fertilizers on zinc uptake and growth indices of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Abstract Background and Objectives: Zinc (Zn) is one of the most important essential nutrients that plants require it for their physiological functions. Calcareous soils of Iran are facing the problem of the available Zn for the plant. Therefore, studying the increase in the amount of this element in these soils is essential and important. Among them organic fertilizers in comparison with chemical fertilizer, especially livestock manure has different food sources for use by plants. This research was done to investigate the effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on zinc uptake and functional indices of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Materials and Methods: For this purpose, in the form of potted cultivar and completely randomized design was carried out in three replications. The experiment factors consisted of cow manure and bagasse compost (each with 10 and 5 ton/ha) and chemical fertilizer of 40 kg / ha zinc sulfate and control (without adding any organic and chemical treatments). During the experiment, chlorophylla, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid were measured. At full flowering stage, aerial part dry weight and also its zinc concentration was determined. Also, available zinc was measured using DTPA. Results: The results showed a positive effect of cow manure on yield, zinc concentration and uptake in German chamomile breed. The Maximum yield of leaves and flowers was observed in treatment of 10 ton/ha of cow manure with 73.15% and 31.6%, respectively. Also, the Maximum zinc concentration in root and stem of chamomile was in treatment of 10 ton/ha of cow manure. The Maximum zinc uptake was observed in root, stem, leaf and flower in 10 ton/ha cow manure. Generally, the use of organic fertilizers increased zinc concentration and uptake, and yield of German chamomile plants. Conclusions: The results showed that using of organic fertilizers can have useful role in improving the uptake of nutrients and morphological parameters in German chamomile. Based on these experimental results, it could be concluded that Zinc optimal situation in chamomile was due to increasing the amount of elements such as zinc in the soil due to soil pH reduction and resulting in better uptake and impact on yield. Among the treatments used cow manure was found to be more suitable. Due to environmental issues of chemical fertilizers, available organic manures including compost and cow manure can be applied. Key Words: German chamomile, Cow manure, Compost, Zinc sulfate
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
8
v.
2
no.
2018
63
82
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_4181_75d9bbf97f90f721585d5309f1d616db.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2018.14590.1800
The effect of crop residues quality on N mineralization under drought stress in a calcareous soil.
mohammad
khorasani
فارغ التحصیل
author
farshid
nourbakhsh
prof. of Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan
University of Technology,
author
mohammad reza
Mosaddeghi
prof. of Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan
University of Technology
author
text
article
2018
per
Background and Objectives: The incorporation of plant residues into soil is a recommended management practice for maintaining or increasing the level of soil organic matter. Although, its effect may be controlled by the soil type, climate and the initial quality of the plant residues. On the other hand, climate on a global scale is changing and the increase of drought stress is predicted in a large scale. As a result of these changes, all soil processes that are related to soil moisture and temperature, including mineralization of nutrients are being affected. This study was conducted to investigate the interactive effects of drought stress and plant residues quality on N mineralization in soils treated with different plant residues. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, four types of plant residues including alfalfa, clover, corn and wheat shoots were collected. Plant residues-treated soils along with a control (without plant residue application) were incubated under three soil moisture levels 25, 35 and 55% of water holding capacity at 25৹C for 150 days. At the end of incubation period, net nitrification, net ammonification, net nitrogen mineralization and net production of soluble organic nitrogen were measured. Results: The results indicated that the maximum amount of net nitrification (282.33 mg NO3- kg-1), net ammonification (52.11 mg NH4+ kg-1), net nitrogen mineralization (334.44 mg NO3-+NH4+ kg-1) and net changes of soluble organic nitrogen (141.43 mg N kg-1) were observed in the alfalfa-treated soils. The measured indices were significantly increased as the level of soil water during the incubation increased. Net nitrification (r=0.798***), net nitrogen mineralization (r=0.816***) and net changes of soluble organic nitrogen (r=0.803***) had a positive and significant correlation with nitrogen concentration of the plant residues. Negative significant correlations were observed between the measured N transformation indices and lignin content (r= -0.589***, r= -0.605*** and r= -0.612***) and ratios of C/N (r= -0.418***, r= -0.410*** and r= -0.424***) and LG/N (r= -0.650***, r= -0.655*** and r= -0.657***), respectively. Net ammonification did not significantly correlated with net nitrification (r=-0.007), net nitrogen mineralization (r=0.051) and net changes of soluble organic nitrogen (r=0.048). Under drought stress conditions, net nitrification (r=.998***) was more strongly correlated with net nitrogen mineralization than net ammonification (r=0.051). Conclusions: In conclusion, the effect of drought stress on the N transformation indices were not similarly observed among the plant residue-treated soils. The soils treated with plant residues with greater N content (alfalfa and clover) showed to be more negatively affected by the drought stress compared to those treatments contained less initial N or greater C:N or lignin:N ratios (corn and wheat).
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
8
v.
2
no.
2018
83
99
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_4182_c4af6132bcc031de53460ede6ec632ff.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2018.12338.1699
Some soil physical properties and wheat root growth influenced by superabsorbent 200A polymer
ثریا
بندک
دانش آموخته دانشگاه علوک کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
author
سید علیرضا
موحدی نائینی
دانشیار دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
author
ابراهیم
زینلی
دانشیار دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
author
text
article
2018
per
Abstract Background and objectives: The need for water storage is steadily growing because of increasing water demands by growing population in arid and semiarid areas such as Iran where droughts occur frequently. Super absorbent polymers are conditioner’s group which can absorb precipitation or irrigation water and prevent water loss. Soil amendments have more effects on soil water storage when there are more droughts in soil with the intermittent rain fall, retaining the limited humidity and decreasing evaporation losses and increasing plant available water for crop growth. Applied polymer increased soil moisture, reduced mechanical resistance and increased dry-land wheat root growth. Materials and methods: In this investigation, the effects of superabsorbent polymer on soil humidity absorption were assessed .The study used a split-plot design format. Main plots were potassium sulfate fertilizer at 2 levels (200 Kg per hectare and no potassium sulfate) and sub plots were superabsorbent at 4 levels (0, 500, 1000, 2000 kg/ha) with4 repetitions. The research was carried out in Gorgan University of Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources Research Farm located at SeyedMiran during 2014-2015 growing season. Row spacing was 20 cm, used 268/5 kg ha-1 (seeds were drilled manually). Fertilizer rates were based on soil test results and which were added to soil surface before planting and incorporated. soil mechanical resistance at 6 stages during wheat growing season using a cone penetrometer (0-5cm soil depth) and so soil moisture at 0-8 and 8-16 soil depths were Measured. Data analysis include the analysis of variance and mean comparisons using LSD and correlation which carried out using SAS software. Result: Results show that potassium fertilizer did not affect soil moisture at 0-8 and 8-16 cm depths polymer consumption had a significant impact on soil moisture, however. 1000 and 2000 kg per hectare polymer increased soil moisture at 0-8 and 8-16 cm depths. 500 kg per hectare polymer had no impact on soil moisture. Soil moisture improvement at 0-8 cm depth, where polymer was already incorporated was comparable with the underlying 8-16 cm depth. Polymer reduced possibly evaporation from lower 8-16 cm depth as much as it enhanced soil moisture in the incorporated depth. Increased soil moisture content within 0-16cm depth lowered soil mechanical resistance and enhanced root growth. Conclusions:Hysteresis does not affect polymers water because they are almost always saturated during swelling and shrinkage, except when they are nearly desiccated. Due to hysteresis however, desorbing soil which surrounds polymers remains wetter than absorbing soils further away. This explains why super-absorbents are generally wetter than the surrounding soil and are non point water resources for plant use.
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
8
v.
2
no.
2018
101
115
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_4183_6629d9e28d5b031690fcfb8286c96551.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2017.11867.1681
Assessing the Population and live weight of earthworms affected by chemical and organic fertilizers in the soil of an orchard
Mojtaba
Yahyaabadi
Environment department, Natural resources faculty, Tehran university, Iran
author
Amir Hossein
Hamidian
Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural resources, Tehran university, Karaj, Iran
author
Sohrab
Ashrafi
Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tehran University, Karaj, Iran
author
text
article
2018
per
Background and Objectives: Earthworms, due to their beneficial role in agroecosystems, are used as indicator species for monitoring the impact of pollutants, changes in soil structure and agricultural practices. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of chemical fertilizers management on the density and live weight of earthworms in the soil of an orchard. Materials and methods: Research was carried out in an orchard in Isfahan province. One square meter area was considered as experimental plot. After plowing and grooving at a depth of 5 centimeters per plot, common fertilizers were applied, based on the soil test. Chemical fertilizers such as urea, ammonium sulfate, diammonium phosphate, solupotas, NPK (15, 5, 25), zinc chelate, iron chelate and cow manure were used as experimental treatments with control (no fertilizer). Abundance and live weight of worms were evaluated in two stages of time and in 2 depths of 0-20 and 20-40 cm of soil. In the first stage, 20 days after the addition of fertilizers, and in the second stage, 60 days after fertilization, earthworms were sampled and their number and biomass changes were measured. Treatments were applied in three replications and the data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA (using the GLM process) by SPSS software. In addition, the means were tested with the least significant difference (LSD) at the probability level of 5%. Results: The assessment of the worms was accomplished at two different depths and at two different times. Sampling in 20th day of experiment showed that at soil depths of 0-20 cm, urea, ammonium sulfate, diammonium phosphate, macro fertilizer NPK and iron chelate had significant negative effect on the abundance and weight of earthworms (p≤0.05). Meanwhile, cow manure (OM) and NPK+OM treatments increased the population and biomass of earthworms. In the depth of 20 to 40 cm, the negative role of urea, ammonium sulfate, diammonium phosphate, NPK fertilizer and iron chelate was decreased, and the NPK+OM maintained its positive role. On the 60th day of sampling, at 0-20 cm depth, urea, ammonium sulfate, diammonium phosphate and iron fertilizer reduced the population and biomass of worms in the soil. However, NPK+OM, OM and zinc chelate (Zn) treatments increased the number of earthworms. At a lower depth (20-40 cm) on the 60th day, the earthworm population was not affected by any of the inorganic fertilizers and nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers not only had no negative effect on the activity of earthworms but also significantly increased their biomass (p≤0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that chemical fertilizers could have a significant effect on soil organisms, including earthworms. These effects could vary according to the nature and extent of fertilization, as well as the depth of fertilizer usage. Accordingly, in order to reduce the negative effects of chemical fertilizers on soil organisms, it is advisable to reduce their application in shallow soils and when applying, organic fertilizers should be used along with chemical fertilizers.
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
8
v.
2
no.
2018
117
131
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_4184_912d34f14428d71d4f4bbb535b6f1ebf.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2018.14207.1788
Application of Cs-137 radionuclides in estimation of forest soils erosion with different parent material in Shast kalateh region, Golestan province
نیلوفر
بابانژاد
دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
author
فرشاد
کیانی
هیات علمی
author
عبدالمجید
ایزد پناه
دانشگاه گلستان
author
فرهاد
خرمالی
دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
author
فرید
اصغری زاده
کارشناس ارشد فیزیک هسته ای سازمان انرژی اتمی
author
text
article
2018
per
Abstract: Bachground and objectives: Soil erosion is one of the most serious and irreversible threat for the sustainable development in each region. Cesium has been produced due to nuclear testing in the last decades and entered into the stratosphere, and then comes to the soil by rainfall. These radionuclides have an importance in soil erosion studies because it is absorbed by the clay soil in a way that it is exchanged hardly. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted to investigate the use of 137Cs in measuring the rate of soil erosion and distribution of sediments in forest and unforest soils and on different parent material. So, six regions (three in forest with loess, Jurassic material, alluvium loess and other in cultivated area) were selected. Samples were taken from surface to 100 cm depth. Results: Gamma spectrometry results showed the pollution of these soils to Cs. Layer analysis in forest profiles demonstrates stability in exponentially reduced trend. High activity was measured in forest loess area. Cs activities in alluvium loess deposits have changed in different sediment layers. Conclosion: The results showed that erosion has amount between 16 to 45 ton per hectare per year in different landuses. The highest soil erosion occurred in crop lands and the lowest occurred in forest soils. Forest in study area has major limitations for selecting as a reference point. Abstract: Bachground and objectives: Soil erosion is one of the most serious and irreversible threat for the sustainable development in each region. Cesium has been produced due to nuclear testing in the last decades and entered into the stratosphere, and then comes to the soil by rainfall. These radionuclides have an importance in soil erosion studies because it is absorbed by the clay soil in a way that it is exchanged hardly. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted to investigate the use of 137Cs in measuring the rate of soil erosion and distribution of sediments in forest and unforest soils and on different parent material. So, six regions (three in forest with loess, Jurassic material, alluvium loess and other in cultivated area) were selected. Samples were taken from surface to 100 cm depth. Results: Gamma spectrometry results showed the pollution of these soils to Cs. Layer analysis in forest profiles demonstrates stability in exponentially reduced trend. High activity was measured in forest loess area. Cs activities in alluvium loess deposits have changed in different sediment layers. Conclosion: The results showed that erosion has amount between 16 to 45 ton per hectare per year in different landuses. The highest soil erosion occurred in crop lands and the lowest occurred in forest soils. Forest in study area has major limitations for selecting as a reference point.
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
8
v.
2
no.
2018
133
147
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_4185_c4bb77435c6d13c5c68bd4bd04bfbae5.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2018.10422.1620
Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorous Application on Shoot and Root Yield of Madder in Saline Conditions of Fars Province
mohammad javad
rousta
Associate Prof., Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research
author
fatemeh
rasouli
M.Sc. of Soil Science, Department of Soil and Water Research, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural research, education and extension organization, Shiraz, Iran.
author
mostafa
Mirabzadeh Ardekani
Previous agronomy expert of Ardakan Jahad-e-Keshavarzi management, Yazd, Iran
author
kokab
enayati
M.Sc. of Soil Science, Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural
author
ladan
Jowkar
Research coach of Seed and Plant Improvement Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural research, education and extension organization, Shiraz, Iran
author
text
article
2018
per
Background and objectives: To succeed in exploiting salt affected soils, proper nutrient supply is required. That is, by providing the correct elements in the optimum amount and ratio, soil conditions should be changed so that the growth of the plant is improved and the product is obtained. N and P are the most important nutrients in plants and they have a significant role in increasing the yield of crops. In salinity stress conditions, their absorption is limited to other nutrients. Nitrogen is an essential element in the plant's vital processes, which improves its absorption and application in biochemical and physiological mechanisms of the condition to tolerate salinity. Sufficient phosphorus increases the growth of the plant and develops and extends the root. For this purpose, the plant can use a larger amount of soil to absorb nutrients and moisture. Several researchers have reported that the use of phosphorus significantly increases the root dry weight of the plant, and increasing the amount of phosphorus absorbed in the soil facilitates plant growth in saline soil and to some extent, moderates the negative effects of salinity. Research on madder plant in different fields has been limited and the study of the effect of urea and phosphorus fertilizers on the absorption of mineral elements and morphological and physiological traits of the plant has not been done so far. Today, the use of chemical fertilizers for the production of agricultural products in arid and semi-arid areas with a low fertility level is inevitable. The cultivation and production of madder as an industrial plant that has been tolerant to salinity in Iran has long been widespread, but research on the nutrition of this plant is very scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of urea and triple superphosphate fertilizers application on shoot and root yield of madder plant in Fars province. Materials and methods: A three years' factorial experiment with three replications and two-factor design was a randomized complete block design. The first factor was urea with 4 levels of zero, 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha and the second factor was triple super phosphate fertilizer with 4 levels of zero, 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha. This investigation was carried out in saline water and soil conditions. In all treatments, the manure at the rate of 40 T/ha was applied before planting. About 25 seeds in rows at 5 cm depth for bulk and at a distance of 40 cm were planted. Experimental plots measuring was 3 m by 4 m. Shoot yields were measured during three years and root yield were measured in the third year. Results: Data analysis of variance showed that the effect of urea fertilizer in the first year at P Conclusion: It can be concluded that application of high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus (150 kg/ha) increases the production of root dry weight of madder plant in saline conditions.
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
8
v.
2
no.
2018
149
161
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_4186_bdb6381eea55e88589d136f8201b0233.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2018.14100.1779
Hydrological modelling of spatial and temporal changes of blue and green water resources in Javanmardi watershed using SWAT model
Navid
Hosseinzadeh
دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان
author
محمدعلی
حاج عباسی
دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان
author
علی اصغر
بسالت پور
دانشگاه ولی عصر (عج) رفسنجان
author
text
article
2018
per
Comprehensive evaluation of water resources in spatial and temporal scales may provide an effective strategy to understand the renewable water resources and an optimal management of the watersheds. In this study, SWAT model was used to estimate the components of blue and green water resources (green water storage and flow) in Javanmardi watershed. For this purpose, monthly runoff was first simulated using SWAT model and SUFI-2 algorithm was then used for the calibration and validation. Runoff simulation results were satisfactory such that the values of R2 and NS values in the validation step were 0.75 and 0.74, respectively, showing that the model has properly simulated the monthly runoff. The amounts of blue water in the central and eastern parts of the watershed were less than 40 mm per year, whereas in the southern altitudes, northwest and western parts of the watershed, it was more than 60 mm per year. The northern sub-basins of the study area had the lowest values of green water flow (from 400 to 451 mm year-1) and then the central parts had relatively greater values of green water flows than the northern parts. The simulated green water storage in most sub-basins was more than 81 mm where the maximum value of that was 142 mm year-1. The results of the hydrological component estimation provide valuable information about the spatial (in sub-basin scale) and temporal (annual and monthly) distribution of water resources which can be useful for long-term planning and optimal management of the watersheds.
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
8
v.
2
no.
2018
163
176
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_4187_9525c6bfbeb129708b80886709d2ea56.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2018.7623.1466
Isolation of phosphate solubilizing fungi from phosphate mine and its molecular identification based on the rule of Calmodulin gene
Raheleh
Jamshidi
Former MSc Student, Department of Soil Science, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural
author
Bahi
Jalili
Assistant Professor, Department of Soil Science, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and natural Resources
author
Mohamad Ali
Bahmanyar
Professor, Department of Soil Science, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
author
Soroosh
Salek-Gilani
Instructor, Department of Soil Science, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
author
text
article
2018
per
Background and objectives: Phosphate is one of the macronutrients and involved in many essential plant processes such as respiration, cell division, root development, photosynthesis, sugar decomposition, nutrient transfer inside the plant, the transfer of genetic characteristics from one generation to the next, and the regulation of metabolic pathways. Deficiency occurs when phosphorus content in the soil reaches less than 0.1%. Today, in order to achieve sustainable development, the use of low-cost natural nutrients such as rock phosphate is necessary. In recent years, the use of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms has been studied for dissolution of rock phosphate. The aim of this study was to isolate indigenous phosphate solubilizing fungi and identify the most effective isolate at the species level. Materials and Methods: Samples were taken from the soil around the Dalir phosphate mine located in Chalous, (Mazandaran). After preparation of the dilution series from soil suspension and culture in NBRIP-BPB and PVK, phosphate-solublilizing fungal colonies were isolated. The ability of phosphate solubilization of fungal isolates was also studied in NBRIP liquid medium. The phosphate solubilized was measured in the liquid medium and the pH of the samples was measured using pH meter. An isolate that significantly reduced the pH of the environment, released more phosphorus and had a higher solubility index, was selected. The selected isolate was identified by ITS polymerase chain reaction and then calmodulin-based PCR methods. Results: The results indicate that the use of the NBRIP-BPB medium is more efficient than PVK medium for P solubilizing fungi isolation. Screening was carried out in solid and liquid media for each isolate, and SANRU isolate was more prominent phosphate solubilizers compare to the other isolates. The results of comparing the sequence of the ITS gene with the sequences in the gene bank showed that SANRU strain had a similarity of 100% with A. niger and A.tubingensis species. In order to overcome this uncertainty, a calmodulin-based PCR method was carried out. The replication of a part of the Calmodulin gene sequence revealed that the SANRU strain belongs to the tubingensis section, and the sequencing sample was registered with the access number KT222864 at the World Gene Bank. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, simultaneous screening in a solid and liquid medium is recommended to determine phosphate-solubilizing ability. According to the results of this study, the method of sequencing of calmodulin in comparison with ITS has a much higher accuracy for differentiation of Aspergillus species, therefore, it is recommended for accurate identification of Aspergillus species.
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
8
v.
2
no.
2018
177
188
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_4188_2dffd8c2e176d3de6c7c779333c60de8.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2018.14110.1781
Microbial Biomass Potassium in Calcareous Soils
پروین
زارعی
فارغ التحصل کارشناسی ارشد
author
فرشید
نوربخش
استاد گروه خاک شناسی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان
author
text
article
2018
per
Background and objectives: Soil microbial biomass is a functional part of soil organic matter. Precise determination of nutrients in the soil microbial biomass has attracted many attentions due to its major role in soil ecosystem function and services. All the soil biomass measurement techniques represent a number of advantages and disadvantages and need to be implicated under controlled conditions. Measurement techniques are generally supposed to be accurate and precise and can be used widely for a large number of various soils. Chloroform-fumigation extraction (CFE) technique has been widely used in order to determine carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus. There is a lack of information regarding the size of microbial biomass K (Kmic) in calcareous soils. Therefore, a study was conducted to investigate the relative size of Kmic in calcareous soils compared to other forms of soil K. Materials and methods: For this purpose, 10 calcareous soil samples were collected from 0-15cm depth of calcareous soils of Isfahan and Chaharmahal-va-Bakhtiari provinces. Some Physical and chemical properties of soil such as pH and Electrical Conductivity (EC), soil organic C content (SOC), calcium carbonate equivalent and texture of the soils were determined by standard methods. Soil exchangeable and non-exchange K were measured by 1 mol L-1 CH3COONH4 and boiling HNO3, respectively. Microbial biomass K was determined by chloroform fumigation extraction method, using the suggested microbial biomass K conversion factor. Results: Our findings indicated that soil exchangeable K was ranged from 205.3 to 458.1 mg kg-1 and Soil nonexchangeable varied from 338.8 to 1028 mg kg-1. The values of Kmic was ranged from 30.3 to 209.4 mg kg-1 with a mean of 120.4 mg kg-1 which forms 12.9% of total exchangeable and nonexchangeable K on average. Calculating the relative amounts of different soil K pools revealed that, exchangeable K was 2.6 times greater than that of Kmic while, nonexchangeable was 5.1 times greater than that of Kmic. No significant correlation was observed between Kmic and other K pools in soil. Conclusion: Overall, from a quantitative point of view, Soil microbial biomass K is a considerable source of K that is not possible to be predicted from other K sources in soil and is hypothesized to be a part of K labile pools in calcareous soils. In conclusion, Kmic should be considered as a major K pool in soil which has already been neglected and there is a need to be precisely determined in order to accurate evaluation of plant available K pool in soils.
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
8
v.
2
no.
2018
189
195
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_4189_3306040d62b40f3edb90d7062a9e0c85.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2018.11567.1665