تأثیر بیوچار ذرت بر خصوصیات شیمیایی و میکروبیولوژیکی دو خاک آهکی رسی و شنی

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 شرکت گیاه

2 هیات علمی

چکیده

چکیده
سابقه و هدف: بیوچار ماده کربنی است که از گرماکافت بقایای آلی در محیط اکسیژن محدود یا غیاب اکسیژن تولید می شود. بیوچار با بهبود خصوصیات فیزیکو شیمیایی مانند افزایش ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی، تغییر pH خاک و افزودن عناصر غذایی، فعالیت میکروبی را تحریک می نماید. دمای گرماکافت و بافت خاک از عوامل مهم مؤثر بر رفتار بیوچار در خاک هستند. علیرغم اهمیت این دو متغیر، مطالعات کمی در ارتباط با تأثیر آنها بر خصوصیات شیمیایی و میکروبی خاک انجام شده است. هدف این تحقیق ارزیابی اثر بیوچارهای تهیه شده در دماهای متفاوت بر خصوصیات شیمیایی و میکروبیولوژیکی در خاک آهکی با بافت رسی و شنی بود.
مواد و روش ها: خاک های مورد استفاده در این تحقیق از لایه سطحی دو منطقه در اطراف کرج، استان البرز، نمونه برداری شدند. بقایای خام ذرت و بیوچارهای تهیه شده از بقایا در دماهای 200، 400 و 600 درجه سلسیوس به میزان 5/0 و 1 درصد وزنی با خاک مخلوط گردید. خصوصیات شیمیایی مانند pH و قابلیت هدایت الکتریکی، مواد آلی، نیتروژن معدنی، پتاسیم و فسفر قابل دسترس و خصوصیات میکروبیولوژیکی مانند تنفس ناشی از سوبسترا، کربن زیست توده میکروبی و فعالیت پروتئاز، ساکاراز، کاتالاز و هیدرولیز فلورسین دی استات اندازه گیری گردید.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد با افزایش دمای گرماکافت pH (%97-10)، درصد خاکستر (%378-75)، سطح ویژه (%1472-121)، درصد کربن (%54-19)، فاکتور غنی سازی کربن (%54-20) بیوچار افزایش یافت، در حالی که محصول بیوچار (%70-20)، ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی (%45-12)، غلظت هیدروژن (%76-9) و مواد فرار (%70-16) کاهش یافت. مصرف بیوچار باعث افزایش pH (%5-2)، قابلیت هدایت الکتریکی (%66-8)، ماده آلی (%161-36)، نیتروژن آمونیمی (%28-6)، پتاسیم قابل دسترس (%40-12)، تنفس ناشی از سوبسترا (%216-50)، فعالیت کاتالاز (%320-34)، ساکاراز (%476-26)، پروتئاز (%186-3) و هیدرولیز فلورسین دی استات (%280-27) در مقایسه با شاهد گردید، در حالی که نیتروژن نیتراتی (%77-10) و فسفر قابل دسترس (%86-23) خاک کاهش یافت. با افزایش دمای گرماکافت و بیوچار شدن بقایای ذرت pH (%11-1)، قابلیت هدایت الکتریکی (%38-1)، ماده آلی (%179-18)، فسفر قابل دسترس (%150-2)، پتاسیم قابل دسترس (%25-5)را در مقایسه با بقایای خام ذرت افزایش داد، در حالی که نیتروژن آمونیمی (%43-7)، نیتروژن نیتراتی (%77-10)، کربن زیست توده میکروبی خاک (%27-4)، تنفس ناشی از سوبسترا (%39-2)، فعالیت کاتالاز (%54-21)، ساکاراز (%62-7/3)، پروتئاز (%54-0) و هیدرولیز فلورسین دی استات (%60-21) کاهش یافت.
بحث و نتیجه گیری: نتایج نشان داد تأثیر مثبت مصرف بیوچار بر خصوصیات شیمیایی و میکروبیولوژیکی خاکهای مورد مطالعه به میزان مصرف و بافت خاک بستگی دارد. بالاترین تأثیر بر خصوصیات شیمیایی و زیستی خاک در سطح مصرف %1 مشاهده گردید. از متغیرهای بررسی شده، فعالیت آنزیمی خاک بیشترین پاسخ را به کاربرد بیوچار نشان داد. بنابراین، بر اساس نقش بیوچار در افزایش ماده آلی و فعالیت میکروبی خاک، این ماده برای بهبود وضعیت میکروبیولوژیکی خاک و افزایش کیفیت خاک های آهکی ایران پیشنهاد می گردد.
واژه های کلیدی: بیوچار، دمای گرماکافت، سطح مصرف، فعالیت آنزیمی

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The effects of corn biochar on the chemical and microbiological characteristics of two calcareous clay and sandy soils.

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fayez Raiesi 2
  • Hossein Besharati 2
2 دانشگاه شهرکرد
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Biochar is a carbon-rich material that is obtained by heating organic feedstock in a limited or absence of oxygen. In general, biochar stimulates soil microbial activity by improvements in soil physiochemical properties such as increasing cation exchange capacity, altering soil pH and direct addition of nutrients, porosity and water holding capacity. Pyrolysis temperature and soil texture are the significant factors affecting soil responses to biochar application. However, there are very limited studies on biochar impact on chemical and microbiological properties of calcareous soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of corn biochars obtained at different temperatures on the chemical and microbiological characteristics of two calcareous soils with sandy and clayey texture.

Materials and Methods: The soils used in this study were sampled from the surface layer at two different sites around Karaj city, Alborz province, Iran. Corn raw material and biochars produced at 200, 400 and 600˚C were mixed at 0.5 and 1% (w/w) with the soils and incubated for 90 days. Soil chemical parameters such as pH and electrical conductivity, organic matter, inorganic nitrogen, available K and P; microbiological characteristics including substrate-induced respiration, microbial biomass carbon and enzyme activities (protease, saccharase, catalase and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis) were measured.
Results: The results showed that with increasing pyrolysis temperature, biochar pH (10-97%), ash content (75-378%), specific surface area (214-1472%), carbon content (19-54%) and carbon enrichment factor (20-54%) were increased, while the cation exchange capacity (12-45%), concentration of hydrogen (76-9%) and volatile matter (16-70%) were reduced. Biochar application increased soil pH (2-5%), electrical conductivity (8-66%), organic matter (36-161%), ammonium-nitrogen (6-28%), available potassium (12-40%), substrate-induced respiration (50-216%), catalase activity (34-320%), saccharase (26-476%), protease (3-186%) and hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate (27-280%) relative to the control, whereas nitrate-nitrogen (10-77%) and available phosphorus (23-86%) tended to decrease with biochar addition. Increasing pyrolysis temperature increased soil pH (1-11%), electrical conductivity (1-38%), organic matter (18-179%), available phosphorus (2-150%), available potassium (5-25%) when compared with the raw corn residues, while decreased ammonium-nitrogen (7-43%), nitrate-nitrogen (10-77%), microbial biomass carbon (4-27%), substrate-induced respiration (2-39%), catalase activity (21-54%), saccharase (3.7-62%), protease (0-54%) and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis (21-60%).
Discussion and Conclusions: The findings demonstrated that the positive effect of biochar application on soil chemical and microbiological properties depends upon its application rate, soil texture and the soil attributes involved. The most desirable effect of corn biochars on soil chemical and microbiological properties was observed at 1% application rate in sandy soil. Of the evaluated soil variables, enzyme activity showed the greatest response to biochar application. In brief, biochar is a valuable soil amendment with a positive effect on soil quality in arid and semi-arid environments. Therefore, biochar application is recommended for increasing soil organic matter pool, and consequently improving chemical and microbiological conditions of calcareous soils in Iran.


Keywords: Application rate, Biochar, Enzyme activity, Pyrolysis temperature.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • application rate
  • Biochar
  • enzyme activity
  • pyrolysis temperature
1.Alef, K., and Nannipieri, P. 1995. Methods in applied soil microbiology and biochemistry. Academic Press. Pp: 214-216.
2.Al-Wabel, M., Al-Omran, A., El-Naggar, A.H., Nadeem, M., and Usman, A.R.A. 2013. Pyrolysis temperature induced changes in characteristics and chemical composition of biochar produced from conocarpus wastes. Biores. Technol. 131: 374-379.
3.Akca, M.O., and Namli, A. 2015. Effects of poultry litter biochar on soil enzyme activities and tomato, pepper and lettuce plants growth. Eurasian. J. Soil. Sci. 4: 161-168.
4.Ameloot, N., Sleutel, S., Das, K.S., Kanagaratnam, J., and De Neve, S. 2015. Biochar amendment to soils with contrasting organic matter level: effects on N mineralization and biological soil properties. Glob. Chang. Biol. Bioenergy. 7: 135-144.
5.Amonette, J.E., and Joseph, S. 2009. Characteristics of biochar: Micro chemical properties.
P 33-52, In: J. Lehmann and S. Joseph (Eds.), Biochar for Environmental Management. Science and Technology. Earthscan, United Kingdom.
6.Awad, Y.M., Blagodatskaya, E., Ok, Y.S., and Kuzyakov, Y. 2012. Effects of polyacrylamide, biopolymer and biochar on decomposition of soil organic matter and plant residues as determined by 14 ºC and enzyme activities. Eur. J. Soil. Biol. 48: 1-10.
7.Cao, X., and Harris, W. 2010. Properties of dairy manure derived biochar pertinent to its potential use in remediation. Biores. Technol. 101: 5222-5228.
8.Chan, K.Y., Van Zwieten, L., Meazaros, I., Downie, A., and Joseph, S. 2008. Poultry litter biochars as soil amendments. Aust. J. Soil Res. 46: 437-444.
9.Chintala, R., Mollinedo, J., Schumacher, T.E., Malo, D.D., and Julson, J.L. 2013. Effect of biochar on chemical properties of acidic soil. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci. 60: 393-404.
10.Cimo, G., Kucerik, J., Berns, A.E., Schaumann, G.E., Alonzo, G., and Conte, P. 2014. Effect of heating time and temperature on the chemical characteristics of biochar from poultry manure. J. Agric. Food Chem. 62: 1912-1918.
11.Cohen, G.J., Dembiec, D., and Marcus, J. 1970. Measurement of catalase activity in tissue extracts. Anal. Biochem. 34: 30-38.
12.Crombie, K., Masek, O., Sohi, S.P., Brownsort, P., and Cross, A. 2013. The effect of pyrolysis conditions on biochar stability as determined by three methods. Glob. Chang. Biol. Bioenergy. 5: 122-131.
13.Cui, L., Yan, J., Yang, Y., Li, L., Quan, G., Ding, C., Chen, T., Fu, Q., and Chang, A. 2013. Biochar for heavy metals in soil. Biores. Technol. 8: 5536-5548.
14.Demisie, W., and Zhang, M. 2015. Effect of biochar application on microbial biomass ad enzymatic activity in degraded red soil. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 10: 755-766.
15.Dempster, D.N., Gleeson, D.B., Solaiman, Z.M., Jones, D.L., and Murphy, D.V. 2012. Decreased soil microbial biomass and nitrogen mineralization with eucalyptus biochar addition to a coarse textured soil. Plant Soil. 354: 311-324.
16.El-Mahrouky, M., El-Naggar, A.H., Usman, A.R., and Al-Wabel, M. 2015. Dynamics of CO2 emission and biochemical properties of a sandy calcareous soil amended with conocarpus waste and biochar. Pedosphere. 25: 46-56.
 17.Farrell, M., Kuhn, T.K., Macdonald, L.M., Maddern, T.M., Murphy, D.V., Hall, P.A., Singh, B.P., Baumann, K., Krull, E.S., and Baldock, J.A. 2013. Microbial utilization of biochar derived carbon. Sci. Total. Environ. 465: 288-297.
18.Galvez, A., Siniccoa, T., Cayuelac, M.L., Mingoranceb, M.D., Fornasiera, F., and Mondinia, C. 2012. Short term effects of bioenergy byproducts on soil C and N dynamics, nutrient availability and biochemical properties. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 160: 3-14.
19.Gianfreda, L., and Ruggiero, P. 2006. Enzyme activities in soil. P 257-311, In: P. Nannipieri and K. Smalla (Eds.), Nucleic acids and proteins in soil. Soil Biology. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
20.Gul, S., Whalen, J.K., Thomas, B.W., Sachdeva, V., and Deng, H. 2015. Physicochemical properties and microbial responses in biochar amended soils: Mechanisms and future directions. Agr. Ecosys. Environ. 206: 46-59.
21.Helmke, P.A., and Sparks, D.L. 1996. Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium.
P 551-574, In: D.L. Sparks (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis. Part 3: Chemical properties. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin.
22.Ippolito, J.A., Stromberger, M.E., Lentz, R.D., and Dungan, R.S. 2014. Hardwood biochar influences calcareous soil physicochemical and microbiological status. J. Environ. Qual.
43: 681-689.
23.Jindo, K., Mizumoto, H., Sawada, Y., Sanchez-Monedero, M.A., and Sonoki, T. 2014. Physical and chemical characterization of biochars derived from different agricultural residues. Biogeoscience. 11: 6613-6621.
24.Joergensen, R.G. 1995. Microbial biomass estimation: the fumigation incubation method.
P 376-381, In: K. Alef and P. Nannipieri (Eds.), Methods in applied soil microbiology and biochemistry. Academic Press.
25.Karami, N., Clemente, R., Jimenez, E.M., Lepp, N.W., and Beesley, L. 2011. Efficiency of green waste compost and biochar soil amendments for reducing lead and copper mobility and uptake to ryegrass. J. Hazard. Mater. 191: 41-48.
26.Keeney, D.R., and Nelson, D.W. 1982. Nitrogen-inorganic forms. P 643-698, In: A.L. Page, D.R. Miller and D.R. Keeney (Eds.), Method of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, American Society of Agronomy.
27.Ladd, J.N., and Butler, J.H.A. 1972. Short term assay of soil proteolytic enzyme activities using proteins and dipeptide derivatives as substrates. Soil. Biol. Biochem. 4: 19-30.
28.Lehmann, J., Gaunt, J., and Rondon, M. 2006. Biochar sequestration in terrestrial
ecosystems – a review. Mitigat. Adap. Strat. Glob. Chang. 11: 403-427.
29.Lehmann, J., and Joseph, S. 2009. Biochar for environmental management- an introduction. P 1-11, In: J. Lehmann and S. Joseph (Eds.), Biochar for environmental management: Science and Technology. Earthscan, London.
30.Masto, R.E., Kumar, S., Rout, T.K., Sarkar, P., George, J., and Ram, L.C. 2013. Biochar from water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) and its impact on soil biological activity. Catena. 111: 64-71.
31.Mukherjee, A., and Lal, R. Biochar impacts on soil physical properties and greenhouse gas emissions. Agronomy. 3: 313-339.
32.Mukherjee, A., Lal, R., and Zimmerman, A.R. 2014. Effects of biochar and other amendments on the physical properties and greenhouse gas emissions of an artificially degraded soil. Sci. Total. Environ. 487: 26-36.
33.Nelson, D.W., and Sommers, L.E. 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter.
P 539-577, In: A.L. Page, R.H. Miller and D.R. Keeney (Eds.), Methods of soil analysis.
Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, American Society of Agronomy.
34.Nelissen, V., Ruysschaert, G., Stover, D.M., Bode, S., Cook, J., Ronsse, F., Shackley, S., Boeckx, P., and Nielsen, H.H. 2014. Short term effect of feedstock and pyrolysis temperature on biochar characteristics, soil and crop response in temperate soils. Agronomy. 4: 52-73.
35.Njoku, C., Uguru, B.N., and Chibuike, C.C. 2016. Use of biochar to improve selected soil chemical properties, carbon storage and maize yield in an ultisol in Abakaliki Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Int. J. Environ. Agric. Res. 2: 15-22.
36.Novak, J.M., Busscher, W.J., Laird, D.L., Ahmedna, M., Watts, D.W., and Niandou, M.A.S. 2009. Impact of biochar amendment on fertility of a southeastern coastal plain soil. Soil Sci. 174: 105-112.
37.Ouyang, L., Wang, F., Tang, J., Yu, L., and Zhang, R. 2013. Effects of biochar amendment on soil aggregates and hydraulic properties. J. Soil. Sci. Plant. Nutr. 13: 991-1002.
38.Ouyang, L., Tang, Q., Yu, L., and Zhang, R. 2014. Effects of amendment of different biochars on soil enzyme activities related to carbon mineralization. Soil Res. 52: 706-716.
39.Paz-Ferreiro, J., Gasco, G., Gutierrez, B., and Mendez, A. 2012. Soil biochemical activities and the geometric mean of enzyme activities after application of sewage sludge and sewage sludge biochar to soil. Biol. Fertil. Soils. 48: 511-517.
40.Rodriguez, M. 2010. Biochar as a strategy for sustainable land management, poverty reduction and climate change mitigation/adaptation. Master of Science Thesis. University of Amsterdam, the Netherland.
41.Rutigliano, F.A., Romano, M., Marzaioli, R., Baglivo, I., Baronti, S., Miglietta, F., and Castaldi, S. 2014. Effect of biochar addition on soil microbial community in a wheat crop. Eur. J. Soil Biol. 60: 9-15.
42.Sagrilo, E., Ritt, T.F., Hoffland, E., Alves, J.R., Meh, H.U., and Kuyper, T.W. 2015. Rapid decomposition of traditionally produced biochar in an Oxisol under savannah in Northeastern Brazil. Geoder. Region. 6: 1-6.
43.Salem, M., Kohler, J., Wurst, S., and Rillig, M.C. 2013. Earthworms can modify effects of hydrochar on the growth of Plantagolanceolata and performance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Pedobiologia. 56: 219-224.
44.Schnurer, J., and Rosswall, T. 1982. Fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis as a measure of total microbial activity in soil and litter. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43: 1256-1261.
45.Shiner, F., and Von Mersi, W. 1990. Xylanase, CM-cellulose and invertase activity in soil: an improved method. Soil. Biol. Biochem. 22: 511-515.
46.Singh, A., Biswas, A.K., Singhai, R., Lakaria, L.B., and Dubey, A.K. 2015. Effect of pyrolysis temperature and retention time on mustard straw derived biochar for soil amendment. J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res. 5: 31-37.
47.Ścisłowska, M., Włodarczyk, R., Kobyłecki, R., and Bis, Z. 2015. Biochar to improve the quality and productivity of soils. J. Ecol Engin. 16: 31-35.
48.Spokas, K.A., and Reicosky, D.C. 2009. Impacts of sixteen different biochars on soil greenhouse gas production. Annal. Environ. Sci. 3: 179-193.
49.Sun, Z., Bruun, E.W., Arthur, E., Jonge, L.W., Moldrup, P., Nielsen, H.H., and Elsgaard, L. 2014. Effect of biochar on aerobic processes, enzyme activity and crop yields in two sandy loam soils. Biol. Fertil. Soils. 50: 1087-1097.
50.Thomas, G.W. 1996. Soil pH and soil acidity. P 475-483, In: D.L. Sparks (Ed.), Methods of soil analysis. Part 3: Chemical properties. Soil Science Society of America and America Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin.
51.Uchimiya, M., Wartelle, L.H., Klasson, K.T., Fortier, C.A., and Lima, I.M. 2011. Influence of pyrolysis temperature on biochar property and function as a heavy metal sorbent in soil.
J. Agric. Food Chem. 59: 2501-2510.
52.Wang, S., Gao, B., Zimmerman, A.R., Li, Y., Mad, L., Harris, W.G., and Migliaccio, K.W. 2015. Physicochemical and sorptive properties of biochars derived from woody and herbaceous biomass. Chemosphere. 134: 257-262.
53.Watzinger, A., Feichtmair, S., Kitzler, B., Zehetner, F., Kloss, S., Wimmer, B., Boltenstern, S.Z., and Soja, G. 2014. Soil microbial communities responded to biochar application in temperate soils and slowly metabolized 13C-labelled biochar as revealed by 13C PLFA analysis: results from a short term incubation and pot experiment. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 65: 40-51.
54.Wu, F., Jia, Z., Wang, S.S., Chang, X., and Startse, A. 2013. Contrasting effects of wheat straw and its biochar on greenhouse gas emissions and enzyme activities in a Chernozemic soil. Biol. Fertil. Soils. 49: 555-565.
55.Yang, H., and Sheng, K. 2012. Characterization of biochar properties affected by different pyrolysis temperatures using visible near infrared spectroscopy. Int. Schol. Res. Net. Spect. ID: 712837.
56.Yang, H.P., Yan, R., Chin, T., Liang, D.T., Chen, H.P., and Zheng, C.G. 2004. Thermogravimetric analysis - Fourier transform infrared analysis of palm oil wastes pyrolysis. Energ. Fuel. 18: 1814-1821.
57.Yuan, J.H., and Xu, R.K. 2011. The amelioration effects of low temperature biochar generated from nine crop residues on an acidic Ultisol. Soil Use. Manag. 27: 110-115.
58.Zhang, Q.Z., Dijkstra, F.A., Liu, X., Wang, Y., Huang, J., and Lu, N. 2014. Effects of biochar on soil microbial biomass after four years of consecutive application in the north china plain. PLOS ONE, 9: e1020.