تاثیر کاربرد کود دامی بر خصوصیات کمی و کیفی چغندر قند (Beta vulgaris L.) رقم لاتی تیا

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم خاک دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگا ارومیه

2 گروه علوم زراعی

3 PhD Student in Agroecology, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Urmia

چکیده

چکیده
سابقه و هدف: کاهش حاصلخیزی خاک در بسیاری از کشورهای در حال توسعه تحت تاثیر کشت‌های مستمر و تخلیه ذخایر غذایی خاک بدون جایگزینی مناسب باعث کاهش توان تولیدی خاک شده است. کاربرد مواد آلی باعث اصلاح ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و شیمیائی خاک و همچنین باعث افزایش عملکرد و بهبود کیفی گیاه زراعی در رسیدن به یک کشاورزی پایدار می شود. چغندر قند یکی از محصولات زراعی استراتژیک در منطقه آذربایجان‌غربی بوده و به صورت گسترده کشت می‌شود. بطوری که کاربرد کود آلی علاوه بر افزایش درصد ماده آلی، باعث کاهش وزن مخصوص ظاهری خاک، افزایش تشکیل خاکدانه‌ و همچنین افزایش جذب و نگهداری آب می‌شود. همچنین مصرف کود دامی در تغذیه ارگانیک و کاهش آلودگی‌های زیست محیطی در راستای نیل به کشاورزی پایدار ضروری است. لذا این مطالعه با هدف بررسی تاثیر کاربرد کود دامی بر برخی خصوصیات کمی و کیفی چغندرقند انجام شد.

مواد و روش‌ها: این تحقیق به صورت بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با شش سطح کود دامی شامل: صفر، 10، 20، 30، 40 و 50 تن در هکتار به صورت کرت‌های ثابت در چهار تکرار اجرا شد. ویژگی‌های فیزیکو شیمیایی خاک و کود آلی مورد مطالعه به روش استاندارد اندازه گیری شد. همچنین ویژگی‌های کمی و کیفی چغندر قند شامل درصد قند ناخالص، درصد قند خالص، درصد قند ملاس، مقدار سدیم، پتاسیم و نیتروژن در ریشه، آلکالیته، ضریب استحصال شکر، عملکرد ریشه و عملکرد شکر ناخالص و شکر خالص اندازه گیری شد.

یافته‌ها: کود دامی مورد استفاده حاوی مقادیر قابل توجهی از مواد آلی و عناصر غذایی قابل استفاده برای گیاه بود. کاربرد مقادیر مختلف کود دامی بر تمامی صفات مورد بررسی به جز پتاسیم معنی‌دار بود. نتایج نشان داد که عملکرد ریشه با مصرف 50 تن در هکتار کود دامی باعث افزایش معنی‌دار (98/31 درصد) نسبت به شاهد شد. درصد قند چغندر تحت تاثیر مصرف کود دامی کاهش یافت ولی کاهش آن با افزایش عملکرد ریشه جبران شد. همچنین کاربرد کود دامی باعث کاهش درصد ضریب استحصال شکر و آلکالیته ریشه چغندر قند گردید. مقایسه میانگین نشان داد که مصرف کود دامی سبب افزایش عملکرد شکر خالص شد به‌طوری که حداکثر عملکرد شکر (48/10 تن در هکتار) در تیمار 50 تن در هکتار و کمترین میزان آن (41/8 تن در هکتار) در تیمار شاهد مشاهده شد.

نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج حاصله، استفاده از کود دامی در سیستم کشاورزی پایدار، می‌تواند عملکرد ریشه را افزایش دهد. علی رغم اینکه درصد قند با افزایش مصرف کود دامی کاهش یافت ولی افزایش عملکرد ریشه، کاهش درصد قند را جبران کرد. بنایراین استفاده از کود دامی در سیستم کشاورزی ضمن حفظ حاصلخیزی خاک، از طریق کاهش مصرف کود شیمیایی می‌تواند تولید پایدار محصول را به همراه داشته باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Manure on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Cultivar Laetitia

نویسندگان [English]

  • behnam Doulati 1
  • Amir Rahimi 2
  • Saied Heydarzade 3
1 Department of Soil Science Faculty of Agriculture Urmia University Urmia, Iran
2 Assistance Professor of Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Urmia,
3 PhD Student in Agroecology, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Urmia
چکیده [English]

The Effect of Manure on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) cv. Laetitia

Abstract
Introduction: Declining Soil fertility in many developing countries, duo to continuous cropping systems and soil nutrient depletion without proper replacement has reduced soil production capacity. Organic matter improves the physical and chemical properties of soil, as well as increases the yield and the quality of the crops to achieve a sustainable agriculture. Sugar beet is one of the strategic crops in the West Azerbaijan region and is widely cultivated. Therefore, application of organic fertilizer in addition to increasing organic matter reduces soil bulk density and improves aggregates forming as well as water holding capacity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of manure application on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sugar beet.

Materials and Methods: This research was carried out a randomized complete block design with six levels of manure application including 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 t ha-1 with 4 replications. Physicochemical properties of soil (calcium carbonate equilibrium, pH, OC, EC, micro and macro elements, soil texture) and manure (micro and macronutrients, OC, pH, EC) was determined by standard methods. So, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sugar beet including total sugar content, pure sugar content, and molasses sugar content, Na, K and N content in root, alkalinity, sugar extraction coefficient, root yield and pure sugar and total sugar yield were determined in sugar beet samples.

Results: Studied manure contain significant amounts of organic matter and available nutrients for plant. Application of different amounts of manure on all parameters except potassium was significant. The results showed that application of 50 ton ha-1 of manure significantly (31.98%) increased root yield compared to control. The percentage of sugar decreased due to the manure application while increasing root yield compensate this reduction. In addition, application of manure caused reduction in sugar extract coefficient and alkalinity of beet root. Mean comparison showed that manure application increased net sugar yield. The highest (10.48 t ha-1) and lowest net sugar yield (8.41 t ha-1) were observed in 50 t ha-1 and control treatments, respectively.

Conclusion: According to the results of this study, using manure in sustainable agricultural system can increase root yield. In spite of decreasing sugar percentage due to manure application, beet root yield significantly increased. Therefore, the use of manure in agricultural systems improve soil fertility and lead to sustainable production through declining fertilizer use.

Keywords: Sugar beet, manure, Root yield, Sustainable agriculture.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Keywords: Sugar beet
  • Manure
  • root yield
  • Sustainable agriculture
1.Aladjadjiyan, A. 2007. The use of physical methods for plant growing stimulation in Bulgaria. J. Central Europ. Agric. 8: 3. 369-380.

2.Alloway, B.J. 2009. Soil factors associated with zinc deficiency in crops and humans. Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 31: 5. 537-548.

3.Amirjani, M.R., Askary Mehrabadi, M., and Azizmohamadi, F. 2016. Effect of ZnO nanoparticles on vegetative factors, elements content and photosynthetic pigments of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Plant Biol. J. 27: 8. 34-48. (In Persian)

4.Avinash, C.P., Sharda, S.S., and Raghavendra, S.Y. 2010. Application of ZnO nanoparticles in influencing the growth rate of Cicer arietinum. J. Exp. Nanosci. 5: 6. 488-497.
5.Black, C.A., Evans, D.D., White, J.L., Ensminger, L.E., and Clark, F.E. 1965. Methods of soil analysis: Part 2. Agronomy Monogr, ASA, Madison, WI.

6.Borrill, P., Connorton, J.M., Balk, J., Miller, A.J., Sanders, D., and Uauy, C. 2014. Biofortification of wheat grain with iron and zinc: integrating novel genomic resources and knowledge from model crops. Frontiers in plant science. 21: 5. 53.

7.Burman, U., Mahesh, S., and Praveen, K. 2013. Effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth and antioxidant system of chickpea seedlings. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. 95: 4. 605-612.
8.Dhoke, S.K., Mahajan, P., Kamble, R., and Khanna, A. 2013. Effect of nanoparticles suspensions on the growth of mung (Vigna radiata) seedlings by foliar spray method. Nanotechnology Development. 3: 1. 1-5.

9.Dimkpa, C.O., Calder, A., Britt, D.W., McLean, J.E., and Anderson, A.J. 2011. Responses of a soil bacterium, Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6 to commercial metal oxide nanoparticles compared with responses to metal ions. Environmental Pollution. 159: 7. 1749-1756.

10.Dorostkar, V., Afyuni, M., and Khoshgoftarmanesh, A. 2013. Effects of proceeding crop residues on total and bio-available zinc concentration and phytica concentration in wheat grain. J. Water Soil Sci. (J. Sci. Technol. Agric. Natur. Resour.). 17: 64. 81-93. (In Persian)

11.Du, W., Sun, Y., Ji, R., Zhu, J., Wu, J., and Guo, H. 2011. TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles negatively affect wheat growth and soil enzyme activities in agricultural soil. J. Environ. Monitor. 13: 4. 822-828.
 12.Gupta, P.K. 2004. Soil, Plant, Water and Fertilizer Analysis. Agrobios (India), 438p.
13.Hsieh, C.H. 2007. Spherical zinc oxide nano particles from zinc acetate in the precipitation method. J. Chine. Chem. Soc. 54: 1. 31-34.
14.Kadkhodaie, A., Kalbasi, M., Solhi, M., Nadian, H., and Gholami, A. 2014. Effect of applying plant residues and zinc sulfate on chemical forms of zinc in rhizosphere and bulk soil and its relationship to wheat grain. J. Appl. Sci. Agric. 9: 3. 942-947.
15.Klute, A. 1986. Methods of soil analysis, Part 1: physical and mineralogical methods. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI.
16.Kole, C., Kumar, D.S., and Khodakovskaya, M.V. 2016. Plant Nanotechnology: Principles and Practices. Springer.
17.Kumar, P., and Arora, J.S. 2000. Effect of micronutrients on gladiolus. J. Ornam. Hort. New Ser. 3: 2. 91-93.

18.Lanje, A.S., Sharma, S.J., Ningthoujam, R.S., Ahn, J.S., and Pode, R.B. 2013. Low temperature dielectric studies of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles prepared by precipitation method. Adv. Powder Technol. 24: 331-335.

19.Lin, D.H., and Xing, B. 2008. Root uptake and Phytotosicity of ZnO nanoparticles. Environmental Science and Technology. 42: 5580-5585.

20.Lin, D.H., and Xing, B.S. 2007. Phytotoxicity of nanoparticles: inhibition of seed germination and root elongation. Environ. Pollut. 150: 243-250.

21.Lindsay, W.L. 1979. Chemical equilibria in soils. John Wiley and Sons Ltd.

22.Lindsay, W.L., and Norvell, W.A. 1978. Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 43: 421-428.

23.López-Moreno, M.L., de la Rosa, G., Hernández-Viezcas, J.Á., Castillo-Michel, H., Botez, C.E., Peralta-Videa, J.R., and Gardea-Torresdey, J.L. 2010. Evidence of the differential biotransformation and genotoxicity of ZnO and CeO2 nanoparticles on soybean (Glycine max) plants. Environmental science and technology. 44: 19. 7315-7320.

24.Ma, X., Geiser-Lee, J., Deng, Y., and Kolmakov, A. 2010. Interactions between engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) and plants: phytotoxicity, uptake and accumulation. Science of the total environment. 408: 16. 3053-3061.

25.Mahajan, P., Dhoke, S.K., and Khanna, A.S. 2011. Effect of nano-ZnO particle suspension on growth of mung (Vigna radiata) and gram (Cicer arietinum) seedlings using plant agar method. J. Nanotechnol. 1: 1-7.
26.Malakouti, M.J. 2005. Important role of zinc in enhancing crop yield and improving human health. General Meeting of Third world Academey of Science. TWAS 16th. Alexandria, Egypt.

27.Malakouti, M.J., and Homaee, M. 2004. Fertility of arid and semi-arid soils: Problems and solutions. Tarbiat Modares University. 482p. (In Persian)

28.Marschner, H. 2012. Marschner's mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic press.
pp. 214-225.
29.Maurya, R., and Kumar, A. 2014. Effect of micronutrients on growth and corm yield of gladiolus. Plant Arch. 14: 1. 529-533.
30.Mazaherinia, S., Astaraei, A.R., Fotovat, A., and Monshi, A. 2010. Nano iron oxide particles efficiency on Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu concentrations in wheat plant. World Appl. Sci. J. 7: 1. 36-40.
31.Milani, P., Malakouti, M.J., Khademi, Z., Balali, M., and Mashayekhi, M. 1998. A fertilizer recommendation model for the wheat field of Iran. Soil and Water Research Institute, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)

32.Moghaddasi, S., Fotovat, A., Khoshgoftarmanesh, A.H., Karimzadeh, F., Khazaei, H.R., and Khorassani, R. 2017. Bioavailability of coated and uncoated ZnO nanoparticles to cucumber in soil with or without organic matter. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety. 144: 543-551.

33.Moghaddasi, S., Khoshgoftarmanesh, A.H., Karimzadeh, F., and Chaney, R.L. 2015.
Fate and effect of tire rubber ash nano-particles (RANPs) incucumber. Ecotox Environ. Safe. 115: 137-143.

34.Moghaddasi, S., Khoshgoftarmanesh, A.H., Karimzadeh, F., and Chaney, R.L. 2013. Preparation of nano-particles from waste tire rubber and evaluation of their effectiveness as zinc source for cucumber in nutrient solution culture. Sci. Hortic. 160: 398-403.

35.Monreal, C.M., Derosa, M., Mallubhotla, S.C., Bindeaban, P.S., and Dimkpa, C. 2015. Nanotechnologies for increasing the crop use efficiency of fertilizer-micronutrients. Boil Fertile Soils. 52: 423-437.

36.Mortvedt, J.J. 1985. Plant uptake of heavy metals in zinc fertilizers made from industrial
by-products. J. Environ. Qual. 14: 424-427.
37.Mousavi, S.R., Galavi, M., and Rezaei, M. 2013. Zinc (Zn) importance for crop production, A review. Inter. J. Agron. Plant Prod. 4: 1. 64-68.

38.Mukherjee, A., Sun, Y., Morelius, E., Tamez, C., Bandyopadhyay, S., Niu, G., White, J.C., Peralta-Videa, J.R., and Gardea-Torresdey, J.L. 2016. Differential toxicity of bare and hybrid ZnO nanoparticles in green pea (Pisum sativum L.): A life cycle study. Front. Plant Sci.

39.Naderi, M., and Abedi, A. 2012. Application of nanotechnology in agriculture and refinement of environmental pollutant. J. Nanotechnol. 11: 1. 18-26.
40.Olsen, S.R., and Sommers, L.E. 1982. Phosphorus. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, (methods of soil an2), Pp: 403-430.
41.Pandey, A., Sanjay, S.S., and Yadav, R.S. 2010. Application of ZnO nanoparticlesin influencing the growth rate of Cicer arietinum. J. Experiencement. Nanosci. 5: 6. 488-497.
42.Prasad, T.N.V.K.V., Sudhakar, P., Sreenivasulu, Y., Latha, P., Munaswamy, V., Raja Reddy, K., Sreeprasad, T.S., and Sajanlal, P.R., and Pradeep, T. 2012. Effect of nanoscale zinc oxide particles on the germination, growth and yield of Peanut. J. Plant Nutr. 35: 6. 905-927.
43.Priester, J.H., Ge, Y., Mielke, R.E., Horst, A.M., Moritz, S.C., Espinosa, K., Gelb, J., Walker, S.L., Nisbet, R.M., An, Y.J., Schimel, J.P., Palmer, R.G., Viezcas, J.A.H., Zhao, L., Torresdey, J.L.G., and Holden, P.A. 2012. Soybean susceptibility to manufactured nanomaterials with evidence for food quality and soil fertility interruption. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109: 2451-2456.
44.Raliya, R., and Tarafdar, J.C. 2013. ZnO nanoparticle biosynthesis and its effect on phosphorous-mobilizing enzyme secretion and gum contents in cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.). Agric Res. 2: 48-57.
45.Razzaq, A., Ammara, R., Jhanzab, H.M., Mahmood, T., Hafeez, A., and Hussain, S. 2015. A novel nanomaterial to enhance growth and yield of wheat. J. Nanosci. Technol. 2: 1. 55-58.

46.Rhoades, J.D. 1996. Salinity: electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. Methods of Soil Analysis, Pp: 417-435.

47.Roy, R.N., Finck, A., Blair, G.J., and Tandon, H.L.S. 2006. Plant nutrition for food security. A guide for integrated nutrient management. FAO Fertilizer and Plant Nutrition Bulletin.
16: 207-208.

48.Shankramma, K., Yallappa, S., Shivanna, M.B., and Manjanna, J. 2015. Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles to enhance S. lycopersicum (tomato) plant growth and their biomineralization. Applied Nanoscience. 6: 983-990.
49.Suriyaprabha, R., Karunakaran, G., Yuvakkumar, R., Prabu, P., Rajendran, V., and Kannan, N. 2012. Growth and physiological responses of maize (Zea mays L.) to porous silica nanoparticles in soil. J. Nanopart. Res. 14: 12. 1-14.

50.Tarafdar, J.C., Raliya, R., Mahawar, H., and Rathore, I. 2014. Development of zinc nanofertilizer to enhance crop production in pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum). Agric. Res. 3: 257-262.

51.Torney, F., Trewyn, G.B., Lin, V.S.Y., and Wang, K. 2007. Mesoporous silica nanoparticlesdeliver DNA and chemicals into plants. Nanotechnol. 2: 295-300.

52.Venkatachalam, P., Priyanka, N., Manikandan, K., Ganeshbabu, I., Indiraarulselvi, P., Geetha, N., and Sahi, S.V. 2017. Enhanced plant growth promoting role of phycomolecules coated zinc oxide nanoparticles with P supplementation in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 110: 118-127.
53.Walker, L. 2005. Nanotechnology for agriculture, food and the environment Presentation at Nanotechnology Biology Interface: Exploring models for oversight, University of Minnesota, USA.
54.Wang, Y.X.A., and Oyaizu, H. 2009. Evaluation of the phytoremediation potential of four plant species for dibenzofu-ran-contaminated soil. J. Hazard. Mater. 168: 760-764.

55.Watson, J.L., Fang, T., Dimkpa, C.O., Britt, D.W., McLean, J.E., Jacobson, A., and Anderson, A.J. 2015. The phytotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles on wheat varies with soil properties. Biometals. 28: 1. 101-112.

56.Zhang, L., Su, M., Liu, C., Chen, L., Huang, H., Wu, X., Liu, X., Yang, F., Gao, F., and Hong, F. 2007. Antioxidant stress is promoted by nano-anatase in spinach chloroplasts Under UV-B radiation. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 121: 1. 69-79.