Investigation about the effect of slope characteristics on soils, forming from granite, using the most appropriate weathering index in semi-arid west of Isfahan province
Javad
Givi
A member of scientific staff, Department of Soil Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University
author
Somayeh
Zakerhaghighi
Ph.D. student, Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University
author
text
article
2018
per
Abstract Background and objectives: Granite forming primary minerals and the clay minerals that are formed from weathering of these minerals, determine characteristics of the soils that originate from the granite. Slope characteristics through their effect on soil moisture and temperature, causing changes in soil. The weathering in the soil can be expressed with the most appropriate weathering indices. This study aimed to investigate the soil formation on granite in various aspects, situations and forms of slope, using the most appropriate indices. Materials and methods: Gharreh –Boltagh granitic mass is located in semi-arid west of Isfahan province. In each of the northern and southern aspects of the slope, three profiles on the backslope and three profiles on the footslope were excavated, described and soil and rock samples were taken from their horizons. Physical and chemical properties of the samples were measured. Of the eight weathering indicies, the index with the highest correlation with the ratio of pedogenic iron to total iron, the clay content and bulk density, was selected as the most appropriate index.In order to assess the degree of chemical weathering from subsoil towards topsoil and in various aspects, positions and shapes of the slopes, this index was used. Results: Significant correlations between the weathering indices and the ratio of pedogenic iron to total iron and bulk density and non-significant correlations between these indices and the clay content were observed. Of the indices, the index of WR was the best index to express the intensity of weathering. The elements Ca, Na, and Mg have been used as mobile elements in the formula of this index. Calcium and sodium in the plagioclase and magnesium in the biotite are present. The average value of WR for granite and for regolith, derived from the weathering of this rock were calculated as 15.8 and 10.9, respectively. On convex slopes, the average values of WR and the regolith thickness were determined as 14.8 and 31 cm, respectively. These values for the concave slopes, respectively were calculated as 13.3 and 90 cm. The average values of WR and the regolith thickness were obtained as 13.9 and 80 cm on the backslopes and as 14.3 and 32.5 cm for the footslopes, respectively. The reason for the higher average value of WR and the lower average value of regolith thickness in the footslopes is presence of a granitic rock outcrop at the northern footslope. On the southern slope, the average values of WR and the regolith thickness were calculated as 14.3 and 43.7 cm and on the northern slope, these values were determined as 14.0 and 69.2 cm, respectively. Conclusion: Given that the studied area is semi-arid, the amount of rain is at a level that as a result of granite weathering, basic cations are released and leached from the soil. This is the reason why the indices which are determined by the ratio of basic cations oxides to immobile elements oxides, were selected as the most appropriate weathering indices. In addition to degree and aspect, shape of the slope also affects parent rock weathering. Since less water can penetrate the soil on convex slopes, weathering in this type of slope and in concave one was minimum and maximum, respectively. As it was expected, weathering was less on back of the southern slope, relative to its foot. Unexpectedly, on the northern slope, contrary to this phenomenon happened, because there is a rock outcrop at the footslope. At the footslope, the slope is less. As a result, more water penetrates the soil and more weathering occurs. In the southern slope, weathering was less than the northern slope.
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
6
v.
4
no.
2018
1
20
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_3466_ee7917850e8587cd622346929e09e4d1.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2017.10624.1626
Evaluation Activity of some Antioxidant Enzymes under Cadmium Toxicity in Two wheat Cultivars
ایمان
جوادزرین
دانش اموخته کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه تهران
author
بابک
متشرع زاده
دانشیار دانشگاه تهران
author
علی
احمدی
استاد دانشگاه تهران
author
text
article
2018
per
Background and objectives: Wheat is one of the crops that have an important role especially in developing countries for feeding people. Therefore pay attention to the most minor issues with related to this crop strategy has a great importance role in ensuring food security and maintaining the independence of the country. First response of plants as soon as are exposed to high levels of heavy metals such as cadmium is production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Effect of cadmium stress on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in different varieties of wheat showed a significant increase (31). Khan et al (2007) reported that under cadmium stress, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzyme activity in all varieties of the wheat had risen. Milone et al (2003) showed that about plants treated with cadmium, peroxidase (POX) activity increased. Catalase (CAT) enzyme activity in rice was increased under salt stress (33). According to importance of this issue, this study examined the uptake of cadmium and changes in activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase Guaiacol) three stage sampling was conducted at two Iranian bread wheat cultivars. Materials and Methods: A factorial experiment in completely randomized has been designed and performed with three replications in the research greenhouse in Tehran University, Collage of Agriculture and Natural Resources. The treatments were consisted of four levels of Cd (0 (as control), 25, 50 and 100 mg Cd kg-1 soil), three times of sampling (30, 45 and 60 days after seed planting) and two cultivars of Iranian wheat (Alvand and Azadi), respectively. Results and discussion: The results of this study has been showed with increasing of cadmium level in soil (Cd0to Cd50), SOD activity in two cultivars of wheat and three time of sampling was increased. On the other hand, in Cd100, SOD activity in two cultivars of wheat and three time of sampling was decreased. Level of decreasing in third time of sampling was clearer in compare to first and second time of sampling. For example Alvand and Azadi cultivars in Cd100 treatment showed 39 and 37 percent reduce. For two cultivars and in every three stage of sampling, CAT activity showed a decrease when level of cadmium was increased. Alvand cultivar showed the greatest decrease in third time of sampling with 73 percent, when level of cadmium was 100 mg/kg. Similar to SOD activity, POX activity was increased, when level of cadmium increased, but activity of POX was increased continuous. APX activity was increased when level of cadmium increased. Generally result of this research showed that efficiency of ant oxidative system in Alvand cultivar was more of Azadi cultivar. Conclusion: Our results showed that Alvand cultivar compared with Azadi cultivar is more able to accumulate cadmium in its root and shoot that based on a botanical point view is an advantage and from the perspective of food security is a disadvantage.
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
6
v.
4
no.
2018
21
37
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_3467_df1177e3a5686431c52de5dce818b580.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2017.10010.1592
Effect of calcium-enriched zeolite on some physiological characteristics of pistachio seedlings under salinity stress
Vahid
Mozafari
عضو هیات علمی دانشگاه ولیعصر (عج) رفسنجان
author
مرضیه
رعیت پیشه
دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه ولیعصر (عج) رفسنجان
author
text
article
2018
per
Background and objectives: Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is one of the most important horticultural products and of particular economic importance. Most of pistachio orchards are irrigated with saline and low quality water which reduced production in recent years especially in the gardens of Kerman pistachio in recent years. Salinity stress is one of the important factors reducing the land ability in agricultural production and impairing the plant physiological processes and reduced growth and yield eventually. Although research on the effect of natural zeolite on some on some plant characteristics, but information about the effect of enriched zeolite as a slow release fertilizer or soil conditioner on pistachio plant under saline conditions, there are no resources. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of calcium enriched zeolite on some physiological characteristics of pistachio seedlings under salinity stress. Materials and methods: In order to investigate the response of pistachio seedlings to salinity and zeolite levels, a factorial experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design in perlite medium with three replications in the greenhouse of agriculture college, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsangan. Treatments consisted of three levels of zeolite enriched by calcium (0, 10 and 20 % W) and four levels of NaCl (0, 75, 150 and 225 mM). 5 germinated seeds were planted in each pot at a depth of 3 cm. Hoagland solution was used for pots irrigation. Pots leaching was carried out with distilled water in the ninth week after planting and according to plan, treatments of sodium chloride (0, 75, 150 and 225 mM) was prepared as a solution added to pots in two phases and once a week. fluorescence Chlorophyll index (Fv/Fm) at 3 times (weeks twelfth, nineteenth and twenty-fourth after planting), concentration of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, proline and protein were measured. Results: The results showed that, with increasing salinity the concentration of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll decreased significantly. Application of 10 % W zeolite increased chlorophyll b by 68 percent. Salinity also decreased the fluorescence chlorophyll index and protein, so that with increasing salinity to 225 mM, fluorescence Chlorophyll index by 8 percent and protein by 37 percent decreased compared to control. Salinity increased leaf proline. Application of zeolite enriched by calcium increased mentioned parameters, so that with increasing 10 % W zeolite enriched by calcium to medium, the concentration of proline and protein, increased by 100 and 19.5 percent respectively. Conclusion: In total it is concluded that the calcium-enriched zeolite (10 % W), increased the ability of pistachio seedlings in resistance to salinity stress.
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
6
v.
4
no.
2018
39
54
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_3468_adab7af41b12475aec12aa07ee453cae.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2017.8323.1507
Mapping the overall soil pollution by heavy metals using limitation scores
Yaser
Safari
University of Zanjan
author
محمد امیر
دلاور
دانشگاه زنجان
author
عیسی
اسفندیارپور بروجنی
دانشگاه ولی عصر (عج) رفسنجان
author
حمیدرضا
اولیایی
دانشگاه یاسوج
author
محمد حسن
صالحی
دانشگاه شهرکرد
author
text
article
2018
per
Background and objectives: Considering progressive growth of industry and technology, the accumulation of environmental contaminants, especially heavy metals (HMs) in the soil is of increasing worldwide concern about the probable soil pollution risks. Due to the multiplicity of the HMs’ sources, these serious elements are usually found along with each other in the soil. Therefore, the precise evaluation of the environmental pollution risks needs all of the existing pollutants to be concomitantly assessed. Representing overall soil pollution in the Zanjan Zinc Specialized Industrial Town (briefly Zinc Town) in this study, single-element maps of heavy metals were incorporated using cumulative limitation scores (LS). Materials and methods: In the present study, 85 topsoil samples (0-20 cm) using a regular grid sampling pattern were collected and total contents of Zn, Pb and Cd were measured for each soil sample using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Assessing the spatial structure of studied elements, their contents were interpolated using ordinary kriging method in ArcGIS 10.1 software. Assessing the pollution risk of studied elements, the total concentration of heavy metals is first transformed to LSs using the exponential transfer function determined by using two threshold values: permissible concentration and seriously polluted soil. Calculated cumulative LSs for studied elements were considered as an environmental variable and its values were interpolated and classified. Results: Mapping the total concentration of Zn, Pb and Cd revealed that elevated soil HMs concentrations were mostly found in the northwest of studied area, i.e. lands located surrounding the Zinc Town. Increasing the distance from the industrial source of pollution, pollution intensity decreased gradually. It seems that Zinc Town is the main factor which controls the spatial distribution of Zn, Pb and Cd in the studied soils. Although the observed and estimated values for the total concentration of Zn were higher than Pb and Cd, its values did not exceed its maximum permissible value in Iranian soils; whereas the total concentration of Pb and Cd in sizeable parts of the studied area exceeded their national maximum permissible concentration and in some parts of the area located around the Zinc Town, exceeded than the seriously pollution threshold value. Mapping the spatial distribution of LSs showed that elevated soil LSs were mostly found in the lands located surrounding the Zinc Town. Therefore, it can be concluded that Zinc Town not only controls the spatial distribution of pollutant elements in the area, but also is the main factor which causes the HMs concentration to be exceeded than their maximum permissible or even seriously pollution threshold values in some parts of the studied area and finally, lower the land quality in these areas. Conclusion: Totally, industrial activities related to Zn production caused to simultaneous entrance of several heavy metals to the adjacent soils and lead to degradation of the lands in studied area. The interpolated heavy metal values were observed in the very different range for each specific element, as different threshold values. These caused some difficulties to perceive the soil pollution risk just by single-element maps of heavy metals. Since the limitation scores are standardized and can be summed for different variables, this technique is capable to represent the contemporaneous effects of several pollutants on the soil quality.
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
6
v.
4
no.
2018
56
70
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_3469_be5fec5c84876a1697ef54069fa90021.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2017.9174.1552
Effects of soil texture and structure and cultivation on Ni content in soil, effluent and plant
حمیدرضا
الماسی
دانشگاه بوعلی سینا
author
آزاده
صفادوست
هیات علمی دانشگاه بوعلی سینا همدان
author
علی اکبر
صفری سنجانی
دانشگاه بوعلی سینا
author
text
article
2018
per
Background and objectives: Sewage and wastewater from industry are used for irrigating farmland in many countries and contamination of these areas with heavy metals has become one of the major causes of concern for human. Contamination of soil by human activities is recognized as a widespread problem. The mobility of heavy metals is usually low due to their strong affinity for the solid phase, and thus they are very persistent contaminants in soils but physical, chemical and biological parameters can affect heavy metal mobility in soil. The aim of this study was evaluate the interactive effects of soil texture and structure and plant cultivation on Ni content of soils, effluent drainage and plant being irrigated by Ni-contaminated water. Materials and methods: Columns with 22.5 cm diameter and 30 cm height of disturbed (unstructured) and undisturbed (structured) soils of sandy loam (SL) and clay loam (CL) were used in this study. Half of columns (undisturbed and disturbed) were cultivated by radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and all soil columns were irrigated by Ni-contaminated water. The experiments were carried out using randomized complete design and factorial arrangement in three replications. The drained water was sampled after each irrigation cycle. Radish were harvested and divided into shoots and roots and the soil was sampled from 3 layers of 1-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm. Then the concentration of nickel (Ni) in drained water, soil layers and plant (shoots and roots) was determined by atomic adsorption. Results: Result showed that the concentration of Ni in the undisturbed soil columns was greater about 34% in the SL than in the CL soil texture. This indicates a predominant role of pore continuity than retention at adsorptive site in structured clay loam soils. In the disturbed soil columns, average Ni concentration was greater about 1.5 times more than undisturbed soil columns, likely due to enhanced Ni/soil particle interactions due to presence of preferential paths for water flow. Accelerated water velocities through preferential flow pathways were likely responsible for the smaller adsorption of Ni in undisturbed soil columns. The effluent concentration under radish cultivation showed higher Ni concentration contents when compared to soil without plant. In the soils under plant cultivation, structural cracks and root channels were the cause of higher leached concentrations when compared to the soil without plant cultivation. Our results also showed translocation factor of Ni was more than one and hence, radish could be considered as an accumulator of Ni. Conclusion: The high concentration of Ni in soil and effluent water drainage indicates the potential for pollution transfer from these media even in presence of radish as an accumulator; and also show that agricultural management can play an important role in soil and groundwater-heavy metals contamination.
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
6
v.
4
no.
2018
71
86
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_3470_c6fdb050722b99e6d74f52aa1555c5f5.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2017.10080.1600
The effect of measurement methods on saturated hydraulic conductivity in eastern loess lands of Golestan province
Parvaneh
Hatami Golmakani
دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
author
vahedberdi
Sheikh
دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
author
Mohsen
Hoseinali zade
دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان
author
text
article
2018
per
Background and Objectives: Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) is one of the most important properties of soil that is essential for soil and water studies. It is a key input parameter to most watershed hydrology and soil erosion simulation models. Therefore this research aimed at comparison of different measurement methods of saturated hydraulic conductivity in different landuse types including forestland, rangeland, Agriculture (with vegetation) and Agriculture (bare & plowed) in the eastern loess lands of the Golestan province. Materials and Methods: To measure the saturated hydraulic conductivity both field and laboratory methods were used. Considering the availability of equipments, two field methods including double rings and tension Guelph permeameter disk and one laboratory method of the constant-head conductivity test on undisturbed soil core were employed. Infiltration tests were conducted at 12 locations (in four landuse types with 3 repetitions). Furthermore, in order to determine some of soil physical properties in each location, one disturbed and one undisturbed soil sample were taken. For statistical analysis of results the completely randomize factorial design with two treatment factors was used within SAS 9.0 software. Results: The results of both comparisons between the influence of the measurement method and the type of landuse on the saturated hydraulic conductivity, showed that the landuse influence on hydraulic conductivity at the confidence level of 95% was not significant but the influence of measurement method with the same confidence level was significant so that a significant difference between the laboratory method and two field methods was observed. Among two measuring categories, the laboratory method due to smaller sample sizes had the highest coefficient of variation while the field method of tension Guelph permeameter disk had the least coefficient of variation due to restriction of flux to micropores and preventation from water flow through cracks and macropores. Conclusion: According to the results obtained in this research, without considering the landuse effect is generelized to all placed landuses in these regions. While that the measured saturated hydraulic conductivity by laboratory and field methods could not to be apply and generalized instead of each other. So given that the application objective of results and available equipment in every area should select the fitting method for measuring of the saturated hydraulic conductivity in this area. Conclusion: According to the results obtained in this research, without considering the landuse effect is generelized to all placed landuses in these regions. While that the measured saturated hydraulic conductivity by laboratory and field methods could not to be apply and generalized instead of each other. So given that the application objective of results and available equipment in every area should select the fitting method for measuring of the saturated hydraulic conductivity in this area.
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
6
v.
4
no.
2018
87
102
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_3471_950b30337cb5ed4aaf58685ee7e4dd33.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2017.10322.1614
Effect of municipal waste compost and zeolite on reduction of cadmium availability in a loamy soil (A case study: Arak municipal waste compost)
Amir
Baghaie
عضو هیات علمی گروه خاکشناسی دانشکده کشاورزی ومنابع طبیعی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اراک
author
text
article
2018
per
Background and objectives: Application of organic amendments as a cheap material is increasing to modify soil physical, chemical and biological properties of arid and semi-arid regions. Applying municipal waste compost can probably increase soil pH, organic carbon percent and cation exchange capacity and thereby decreaseing heavy metal availability such as cadmium. On the other hand, applying soil natural clay such as zeolites can probably increase cation exchange capacity that decreases the heavy metal availability in soil and plant. However, this may be affect soil nutrition availability. This research was done to investigate the effect of applying Arak municipal waste compost and zeolite on decreasing cadmium availability in a loamy soil. Materials and Methods: A loamy, non-saline soil with low organic carbon percent was sampled from soil surface layer (0–15 cm) in the research field of Arak Azad University. A factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design with 3 replications was conducted in greenhouse conditions.. Treatments were consisting of applying Arak municipal waste compost at the rates of 0, 15 and 30 Mg ha-1. The soil was polluted with cadmium from cadmium chloride source at the rates of 0,5,10, 15 and 20 mg Cd kg-1 soil and incubated for one month. On the other hand, zeolite clay (clinoptilolite) was added to the soil at the rates of 0 and 10 % (W/W). Then, corn (Zea mays L. single grass 704) seeds were sown. After 60 days from the experiment, soil physio-chemical properties and soil and plant Cd concentration were measured. Results: The results showed that increasing application of municipal waste compost from 0 to 30 Mg ha-1 significantly increased CEC (3 units) and pH in the soil under growth of corn. Increasing the amount of Arak municipal waste compost from 0 to 15 and 30 Mg ha-1 in a 20 mg Cd kg-1 soil without applying zeolite, caused a significant decrease in DTPA-extractable Cd by 19 and 30 %, respectively. Similar to this result, root and shoot Cd concentration were decreased, as, applying 30 Mg ha-1 Arak municipal waste compost (in a soil polluted with 20 mg cd kg-1 soil) without receiving zeolite caused a significant decrease in root and shoot Cd concentration by 37 and 66%, respectively. In addition, applying 10 % (W/W) zeolite clay in a cadmium polluted soil (20 mg Cd kg -1soil) without municipal waste compost decreased the DTPA-extractable Cd by 7%. Root and shoot Cd concentration was also decreased by 16 and 23%, respectively. Conclusion: The lowest DTPA-extractable Cd was in a 5 mg cadmium polluted soil treated with 30 Mg ha-1 municipal waste compost and 10% (W/W), white the greatest amount of DTPA-extractable Cd was observed in a polluted soil with 20 mg cd kg-1 soil without receiving municipal waste compost and zeolite. The result of this experiment showed that applying zeolite and Arak municipal waste compost can increase the cation exchange capacity and thereby decreasing cadmium concentration in soil or plant. However, the other effect of applying organic amendments cannot be ignored.
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
6
v.
4
no.
2018
103
117
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_3472_52989d41a090f38d06b4facbd52c1369.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2017.10398.1616
Variability of some heavy metal concentration in various physical fractions of soil surface of Foold-e- Mobarakeh steel company, Isfahan
شمس الله
ایوبی
دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان
author
زینب
سلطانی
اصفهان-دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان
author
حسین
خادمی
اصفهان دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان
author
text
article
2018
per
Variability of some heavy metal concentration in various physical fractions of soil surface of Foolad-e- Mobarakeh steel company, Isfahan Abstract Background and objectives: Among the soil pollutants, heavy metals due the high stability in soils and their toxicity to animals and plants needed especial considerations. Therefore, knowledge about the variability of heavy metals especially in various physical fractions is valuable for decision making and proper management in industrial districts. The knowledge about the heavy metal distribution in different particle size distributions (PSD’s) provides valuable information for heavy metal risk assessment of wind deposits and aerosols. In this regards little study has been made in the world as well as in our country. Therefore, this study was conducted to study the variability of heavy metals in different particle size fractions of surface soils of Foolad-e- Mobarakeh steel company in Isfahan province. Methods and Materials: The study area is located in Foolad-Mobarakeh steel company nearby of Isfahan city. Sixty soil samples were collected from 0-5 cm of surface soils and after sieving, various fractions including Results: . The results showed that the highest of CF was observed for Fe in bulk soil samples and following for Fe in 150-300 μ fraction. The lowest CF was observed for Pb in 150-300μfraction. The results of study showed that Fe had the highest value in finest particles ( Conclusions: In overall, results of this study confirmed that various metals are distributed variously in different PSD’s. Also, the knowledge about the heavy metals contribution in various particle size distribution of soil, could provide valuable information for manager and governors in respect to risk assessment of metals in aerosols and wind deposits in industrial sites located in arid regions.
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
6
v.
4
no.
2018
119
130
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_3473_d4754f6b2f6e91035c2476eb59e8f32f.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2017.8694.1523
Phytoremediation ability of nickel-contaminated soil using Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)
آرش
محمدزاده
دانشجوی دکتری دانشگاه شهید بهشتی
author
Sajjad
Rahimi Moghaddam
دانشجوی دکتری دانشگاه شهید بهشتی
author
محمد رضا
چایچی
استاد گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات دانشگاه تهران
author
یعثوب
حیدرزاده
دانشجوی دکتری دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی
author
text
article
2018
per
Background and objectives: Soil contamination due to heavy metals is one of the major environmental problems across the world, causing significant risks to public health and ecosystems. Phytoremediation is a low-cost and ecofriendly method, which can be applied to clean up contaminated soils. Appropriate plants for phytoremediation should be characterized by rapid growth, high biomass production, and tolerance to high concentrations of heavy metals in shoots. The main objectives of the current study were to 1) evaluate the effects of Nickel contamination on growth characteristics of sunflower and sorghum and 2) assess the ability of refining nickel contamination by sunflower and sorghum. Materials and methods: To study the capability of sunflower and sorghum plants in phytoremediation of Ni contaminated soils, a greenhouse experiment as factorial arranged in completely randomized design with three replications was carried out at Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran in 2012. The experimental treatments consisted of two crop species, sunflower and sorghum, and four levels of nickel concentrations in the soil (0, 150, 300, and 450 mg of Ni per kg of soil). After 8 weeks from sowing date (flowering stage, R4), plants were harvested by cutting the shoots approximately 0.5 cm above the soil surface. Nickel, Fe, and Zn concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The analysis of variance for the obtained data was done by SAS v9.1 software. Results: Results showed that the highest values of shoot, root, and total dry matter (36.66, 29.77 and 66.43 g.plant-1, respectively) were related to sorghum plants grown in non-contaminated soil. Also, the lowest values of shoot, root, and total dry matter (8.39, 1.74 and 10.12 g.plant-1, respectively) were related to sunflower plants grown in 450 mg Ni per kg of soil. The maximum values of Ni uptake by total plant biomass and shoot part of plants (6.1 and .67 mg.plant-1, respectively) were observed in sorghum plants grown in 450 mg Ni per kg of soil. While, the minimum values of Ni uptake by total plant biomass and shoot part of plants (0.11 and 0.09 mg.plant-1, respectively) were observed in sunflower plants grown in non-contaminated soil. Conclusion:Generally, results revealed that the capability of sorghum plant in phytoremediation of Ni contaminated soils was better than sunflower plant. In sorghum plants, low proportion of accumulated Ni in roots was translocated to shoot part. Therefore, sorghum plant can be used for ‘phytostabilization’. While, sunflower plants despite of relatively lower biomass, translocated higher proportion of Ni to shoot parts. So, sunflower can be suitable plant for phytoremediation of Ni contaminated soils (Phytoextraction).
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
6
v.
4
no.
2018
131
142
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_3474_7da75bf83c2ce90396776974a4d3d461.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2017.10042.1593
Parametric assessment of infiltration of some NAPLs in soil porous media
الهه
جعفری هفشجانی
کارشناسی ارشد خاکشناسی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران
author
safoora
Asadi Kapourchal
استادیار گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان
author
مهدی
همایی
استاد گروه خاکشناسی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران
author
محمد
بای بوردی
استاد گروه خاکشناسی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران
author
text
article
2018
per
Abstract Background and objectives: Human activities imposed several contaminations to the environment. Although environmental contaminations can be categorized into inorganic and organic contaminations, but the so-called non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) are considered among the most hazardous pollutants in environment and can potentially cause severe damage to our environment. The contaminated soils not only may transfer the pollutants to the human chain food, but may transmit the contaminants to the groundwater and drinking water. Furthermore, the contaminated soil would limit the use of available lands for agricultural purposes. Environmental contamination, particularly soil is one of the most important challenges in recent years. Non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) have significant influences on environmental contaminations. Understanding infiltration characteristics of these compounds into the soils is very important because it assists to remediate contaminated soils and manage to reduce NAPL recharge into groundwater. The main objective of this research was to quantitatively investigate the influence of infiltration of some NAPLs including crude oil and kerosene into soil. Materials and methods: Consequently, the required soil samples were collected from neighboring Tehran oil refinery. The saturated hydraulic conductivity, cumulative infiltration and the infiltration rates were obtained by using Darcy’s law and Philip, Kostiakov and Green-Ampt infiltration models, respectively. The performance of predictive infiltration models were evaluated using RMSE and R2 statistics. Results: The obtained results showed that similar to water, the wetting front length and cumulative infiltration for both examined NAPL components were nonlinearly increased. The largest NAPLs infiltration rates as well as that of water were observed during the initial experimental periods. The hydraulic conductivity of crude oil and kerosene were obtained to be 0.0058, 0.280 cm/min, respectively. Conclusion: Quantitative assessment of kerosene infiltration into the soil indicated that for NAPLs, when time moves towards infinity, the basic intake rate doesn’t resemble the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity. This can be attributed to the fact that at the final stage of infiltration process, the sorptivity plays a significant role in infiltration of these components. Overall observations show that that based on the calculated RMSE statistic, the Green-Ampt and Philip models can well predict the NAPLs infiltration into the soil. Some NAPL characteristics including type of compounds, composition, surface tension, viscosity and specific gravity were appeared to significantly influence the infiltration process. Conclusion: Quantitative assessment of kerosene infiltration into the soil indicated that for NAPLs, when time moves towards infinity, the basic intake rate doesn’t resemble the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity. This can be attributed to the fact that at the final stage of infiltration process, the sorptivity plays a significant role in infiltration of these components. Overall observations show that that based on the calculated RMSE statistic, the Green-Ampt and Kostiakov models can well predict the NAPLs infiltration into the soil. Some NAPL characteristics including type of compounds, composition, surface tension, viscosity and specific gravity were appeared to significantly influence the infiltration process.
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Gorgan University Of Agricultural Sciences
2322-1267
6
v.
4
no.
2018
143
153
https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_3475_1dcd9e84a886560028a85548a3cc00f5.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2017.10787.1634