Gorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production2322-12674420150220Digital mapping of apparent electrical conductivity using regression kriging and local variogram in Ardakan regionDigital mapping of apparent electrical conductivity using regression kriging and local variogram in Ardakan region1292168FARuhollahTaghizadehArdakan UniversityJournal Article20130918Abstract: Converting point data to continuous one is the first step in order to use them in scorpan flowchart. For this purpose, different geostatistic methods are available which at present research regression kriging with local variogram was applied. For mapping apparent electrical conductivity at the area covering 72000ha located in Ardakan region, 700 readings in horizontal and vertical modes carried out by electromagnetic induction. Auxiliary data used in this study to represent predictive soil forming factors were terrain attributes, Landsat 7 ETM+ data and a geomorphologic surfaces map. At first, the relationship between independent variables (i.e. auxiliary data) and dependent variable (i.e. apparent electrical conductivity) was calculated by regression tree. Then, the residuals, derived from regression tree, were mapped by using kriging with local variogram. Finally, the residual and ECa maps were aggregated in order to produce the final maps. Results showed some auxiliary variables had more influence on predictive apparent electrical conductivity model which included: wetness index, geomorphology map and the first principal component analysis. Results also confirmed that regression kriging with local variogram had high performance; however, determination of coefficient, root mean square error and mean error calculated for model in vertical mode were 0.49, 37.74 and -1/07, respectively. These results are acceptable in digital soil mapping studies and hence, it is suggested using of regression kriging with local variogram for spatial prediction of soil properties in future studies.Abstract: Converting point data to continuous one is the first step in order to use them in scorpan flowchart. For this purpose, different geostatistic methods are available which at present research regression kriging with local variogram was applied. For mapping apparent electrical conductivity at the area covering 72000ha located in Ardakan region, 700 readings in horizontal and vertical modes carried out by electromagnetic induction. Auxiliary data used in this study to represent predictive soil forming factors were terrain attributes, Landsat 7 ETM+ data and a geomorphologic surfaces map. At first, the relationship between independent variables (i.e. auxiliary data) and dependent variable (i.e. apparent electrical conductivity) was calculated by regression tree. Then, the residuals, derived from regression tree, were mapped by using kriging with local variogram. Finally, the residual and ECa maps were aggregated in order to produce the final maps. Results showed some auxiliary variables had more influence on predictive apparent electrical conductivity model which included: wetness index, geomorphology map and the first principal component analysis. Results also confirmed that regression kriging with local variogram had high performance; however, determination of coefficient, root mean square error and mean error calculated for model in vertical mode were 0.49, 37.74 and -1/07, respectively. These results are acceptable in digital soil mapping studies and hence, it is suggested using of regression kriging with local variogram for spatial prediction of soil properties in future studies.https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_2168_b1e7fb5e10af3867412451a6b02d1d33.pdfGorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production2322-12674420150220The effects of exposure time, different levels of chromium and organic matter on earthworms´ growthThe effects of exposure time, different levels of chromium and organic matter on earthworms´ growth31562169FAJournal Article20130909Earthworms are an important part of food chain in soil ecosystem. In polluted soils, heavy metals are consumed by earthworms and transferred to other organisms through food chain, resulting in many adverse health impacts. Due to the benefits of earthworms for soil fertility, it is important to assess the effects of soil pollution on population, biomass and functions of earthworms. To determine the effects of organic matter on earthworms´ growth, in a soil with different levels of chromium, a factorial experiment with completely randomized design and three replications was performed. The levels of soil chromium were 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320 mg kg-1 and the rates of organic matter (cow manure) added were 0, 5 and 10 % w/w. The earthworms were exposed to soil pollution for different time periods (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days) and after that the number of living earthworms, their weights, the number of produced cocoons and the chromium concentrations of earthworm tissues were determined. <br />The results of analysis of variance of data showed that the number of living earthworms, their weights and the number of produced cocoons decreased as the exposure time and the level of soil pollution by chromium increased. The chromium concentrations of earthworm tissues increased as the exposure time and the levels of soil chromium increased. The number of living earthworms, their weights and the number of produced cocoons increased as the level of soil organic matter increased.Earthworms are an important part of food chain in soil ecosystem. In polluted soils, heavy metals are consumed by earthworms and transferred to other organisms through food chain, resulting in many adverse health impacts. Due to the benefits of earthworms for soil fertility, it is important to assess the effects of soil pollution on population, biomass and functions of earthworms. To determine the effects of organic matter on earthworms´ growth, in a soil with different levels of chromium, a factorial experiment with completely randomized design and three replications was performed. The levels of soil chromium were 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320 mg kg-1 and the rates of organic matter (cow manure) added were 0, 5 and 10 % w/w. The earthworms were exposed to soil pollution for different time periods (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days) and after that the number of living earthworms, their weights, the number of produced cocoons and the chromium concentrations of earthworm tissues were determined. <br />The results of analysis of variance of data showed that the number of living earthworms, their weights and the number of produced cocoons decreased as the exposure time and the level of soil pollution by chromium increased. The chromium concentrations of earthworm tissues increased as the exposure time and the levels of soil chromium increased. The number of living earthworms, their weights and the number of produced cocoons increased as the level of soil organic matter increased.https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_2169_a77a5784938a9539f38ae5e3127e3596.pdfGorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production2322-12674420150220Effect of Thehran municipal solid waste compost and time on zinc and copper concentration in soil and corn plantEffect of Thehran municipal solid waste compost and time on zinc and copper concentration in soil and corn plant57802170FAMryamFallahi MotlaghJournal Article20130908To evaluate the impact of the application of Thehran municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) on zinc and copper concentrations in the soil under maize (Zea Mays. L.) cultivation, a factorial experiment in base randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two different amounts of municipal solid waste compost (zero, 30.15 and 60 t ha-1) and time (compost applied once or twice) was performed with three replications. The Results showed that MSWC has a significant effect on reducing of pH and increasing of cation exchange capacity and organic carbon (p≤0.01). MSWC significantly increased soil total and DTPA extractable Zn and Cu. (p≤0.01). The highest amount of DTPA extractable zinc and copper respectively observed 10.82 and 9.29 mg kg-1, in the 60 T ha-1 second year of treatment, As compared with control for Zn 97.94 and copper 110.02 percent was increased. Results showed that MSWC has a significant effect on increasing Zn and Cu concentration in roots and shoots (p≤0.01). The highest amount of zinc and copper uptake was observed in the 60 T ha-1 second year of treatment, As compared with control respectively 92.36 and 70.26 percent for zinc and 73.87 and 118.62 percent for copper in root and shoot increased. MSWC for both zinc and copper caused an increase in bioavailable factor, although this was more pronounced for copper. There were significant positive correlation between total and DTPA-extractable Zn and Cu and concentrations of these elements in root and shoot.To evaluate the impact of the application of Thehran municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) on zinc and copper concentrations in the soil under maize (Zea Mays. L.) cultivation, a factorial experiment in base randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two different amounts of municipal solid waste compost (zero, 30.15 and 60 t ha-1) and time (compost applied once or twice) was performed with three replications. The Results showed that MSWC has a significant effect on reducing of pH and increasing of cation exchange capacity and organic carbon (p≤0.01). MSWC significantly increased soil total and DTPA extractable Zn and Cu. (p≤0.01). The highest amount of DTPA extractable zinc and copper respectively observed 10.82 and 9.29 mg kg-1, in the 60 T ha-1 second year of treatment, As compared with control for Zn 97.94 and copper 110.02 percent was increased. Results showed that MSWC has a significant effect on increasing Zn and Cu concentration in roots and shoots (p≤0.01). The highest amount of zinc and copper uptake was observed in the 60 T ha-1 second year of treatment, As compared with control respectively 92.36 and 70.26 percent for zinc and 73.87 and 118.62 percent for copper in root and shoot increased. MSWC for both zinc and copper caused an increase in bioavailable factor, although this was more pronounced for copper. There were significant positive correlation between total and DTPA-extractable Zn and Cu and concentrations of these elements in root and shoot.https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_2170_06905a7c2c8b5cb0bce57a6fb5fcaf54.pdfGorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production2322-12674420150220Feasibility study of phosphorus buffering capacity (PBC) application for estimation of corn available phosphorus in some calcareous soilsFeasibility study of phosphorus buffering capacity (PBC) application for estimation of corn available phosphorus in some calcareous soils811042171FAAdelReyhanitabarProfessor Assictant of University of tabriz1Mohamad RezaMaghsoodiNosratollahNajafiAssociate Professor of Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of TabrizJournal Article20131124Abstract<br /><br /> In this study, P critical level for corn plant (Zea mays L.) was determined using PBC in 25 combined soils samples from different fields of East Azerbaijan province. To calculate the PBC, current soil P test methods such Olsen,Colwel, Soltanpur and Schowab, Kelna2 and iron impregnated strips as a quantity factor (Q) and the methods of soluble P measurements such as distilled water, calcium chloride and Paauw method as a intensity factor(I) was used. According of the results, the method of PBC (Olsen-P/ Paauw-P) compared to other methods for calculating PBC, was the best method to predict of P uptake by corn plant. The high correlation of PBC (Olsen-P/ Paauw-P) data with the shoot content of phosphorus was confirmed. PBC linear correlation with shoot P content was separated in two positive and negative parts and the positive value of the correlation was 0.91** and negative value was -0.89**. Critical level of soil P for corn with PBC method based on 90 % relative dry matter was determined 2.2, 2.44 and 1.19 by using graphical Cate–Nelson, Cate–Nelson analysis of variance and Mitscherlich-Bray methods, respectively. Mitscherlich-Bray equation coefficient C1 and C, for PBC, were 0.08411 and 0.0122 respectively.Abstract<br /><br /> In this study, P critical level for corn plant (Zea mays L.) was determined using PBC in 25 combined soils samples from different fields of East Azerbaijan province. To calculate the PBC, current soil P test methods such Olsen,Colwel, Soltanpur and Schowab, Kelna2 and iron impregnated strips as a quantity factor (Q) and the methods of soluble P measurements such as distilled water, calcium chloride and Paauw method as a intensity factor(I) was used. According of the results, the method of PBC (Olsen-P/ Paauw-P) compared to other methods for calculating PBC, was the best method to predict of P uptake by corn plant. The high correlation of PBC (Olsen-P/ Paauw-P) data with the shoot content of phosphorus was confirmed. PBC linear correlation with shoot P content was separated in two positive and negative parts and the positive value of the correlation was 0.91** and negative value was -0.89**. Critical level of soil P for corn with PBC method based on 90 % relative dry matter was determined 2.2, 2.44 and 1.19 by using graphical Cate–Nelson, Cate–Nelson analysis of variance and Mitscherlich-Bray methods, respectively. Mitscherlich-Bray equation coefficient C1 and C, for PBC, were 0.08411 and 0.0122 respectively.https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_2171_cae971843a37c49172f20fd164a9aabd.pdfGorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production2322-12674420150220Comparison between Physicochemical Properties and Clay Mineralogy of Paddy Soils of Noorabad (Fars Province) and Adjacent Virgin LandsComparison between Physicochemical Properties and Clay Mineralogy of Paddy Soils of Noorabad (Fars Province) and Adjacent Virgin Lands1051262172FAHamidrezaOwliaieJournal Article20131030Rice is one of the most important staple foods for more than half of the world's population. Paddy soils are among the widest wet lands being affected by human activities. Long term rice cultivation and especially flooding conditions have great influence on soil characteristics. This study was conducted in Noorabad County, Fars Province. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of long-term rice cultivation on physico-chemical properties and clay mineralogy of the soils of two regions and comparison with the adjacent virgin lands. According to the results, paddy soils showed significant increase in soil organic carbon and oxalate extractable Fe and Mn (Feo, Mno) and significant decrease in soil pH and dithionite extractable Fe and Mn (Fed, Mnd). No significant change was observed between total amounts of these two elements in both land uses. Clay mineralogy investigation showed that rice cultivation has drastically decreased palygorskite and increased smectite contents. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images showed longer palygorskite fibers (2-3 μm in length) in virgin soils compared to the paddy soils with shorter fibers (0.5 μm), suggested the effect of the physical destruction or transformation of palygorskite to smectite in paddy soils.Rice is one of the most important staple foods for more than half of the world's population. Paddy soils are among the widest wet lands being affected by human activities. Long term rice cultivation and especially flooding conditions have great influence on soil characteristics. This study was conducted in Noorabad County, Fars Province. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of long-term rice cultivation on physico-chemical properties and clay mineralogy of the soils of two regions and comparison with the adjacent virgin lands. According to the results, paddy soils showed significant increase in soil organic carbon and oxalate extractable Fe and Mn (Feo, Mno) and significant decrease in soil pH and dithionite extractable Fe and Mn (Fed, Mnd). No significant change was observed between total amounts of these two elements in both land uses. Clay mineralogy investigation showed that rice cultivation has drastically decreased palygorskite and increased smectite contents. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images showed longer palygorskite fibers (2-3 μm in length) in virgin soils compared to the paddy soils with shorter fibers (0.5 μm), suggested the effect of the physical destruction or transformation of palygorskite to smectite in paddy soils.https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_2172_309edf553913cf4f6fb9f59ab62615f5.pdfGorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production2322-12674420150220First use of the 7Be radionuclide for estimating soil redistribution rates on dry farming land in Kermanshah ProvinceFirst use of the 7Be radionuclide for estimating soil redistribution rates on dry farming land in Kermanshah Province1271482173FAMaralKhodadadiManouchehrGorjiMohammadGhanadi MaraghehAliSamani BahramiMir HosseinMir Seyed HosseiniGhavamedinZahedi AmiriMoeenMeftahiJournal Article20131021Over the past decades, the fallout radionuclides 137Cs, 210Pbex and 7Be are increasingly being used to quantify soil erosion and sedimentation rates. Although studies using 137Cs and to some extent 210Pbex are now well-documented, there is a need for further work aimed at exploring the use of 7Be, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas. Investigating soil erosion processes occurring over shorter timescales, particularly individual storm events or short periods of heavy rainfall is the major advantages of recently developed 7Be method over the assessments of longer-term erosion rates provided by 137Cs or 210Pbex. The present investigation is the first investigation of using 7Be techniques in Iran. A hillslope with dry farming land use, in south west of Kermanshah, with a mean annual rainfall of about 480 mm, was selected. Soil sampling performed in April 2011, after occurring 150 mm rainfall in 40 days. The net erosion rate was estimated to be 6.8t ha-1 yr-1 by using Profile Distribution model. According to the short period, the high net soil erosion rate is most likely the result of the mismanagement of the field, cultivation operation along the main slope direction, the heavy rainfall occurring during the late winter and early spring seasons without major vegetative cover and the steep topography. The sediment delivery ratio was about 80% indicating that significant part of the mobilized soil was removed from field. The results confirm the potential of using 7Be measurements to document soil redistribution associated with short periods in semi-arid area.Over the past decades, the fallout radionuclides 137Cs, 210Pbex and 7Be are increasingly being used to quantify soil erosion and sedimentation rates. Although studies using 137Cs and to some extent 210Pbex are now well-documented, there is a need for further work aimed at exploring the use of 7Be, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas. Investigating soil erosion processes occurring over shorter timescales, particularly individual storm events or short periods of heavy rainfall is the major advantages of recently developed 7Be method over the assessments of longer-term erosion rates provided by 137Cs or 210Pbex. The present investigation is the first investigation of using 7Be techniques in Iran. A hillslope with dry farming land use, in south west of Kermanshah, with a mean annual rainfall of about 480 mm, was selected. Soil sampling performed in April 2011, after occurring 150 mm rainfall in 40 days. The net erosion rate was estimated to be 6.8t ha-1 yr-1 by using Profile Distribution model. According to the short period, the high net soil erosion rate is most likely the result of the mismanagement of the field, cultivation operation along the main slope direction, the heavy rainfall occurring during the late winter and early spring seasons without major vegetative cover and the steep topography. The sediment delivery ratio was about 80% indicating that significant part of the mobilized soil was removed from field. The results confirm the potential of using 7Be measurements to document soil redistribution associated with short periods in semi-arid area.https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_2173_b5a924cc3df348c2ca74e020ccfce691.pdfGorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production2322-12674420150220Simulation of nitrogen losses in sugar beet production in various production systems in KhorasanSimulation of nitrogen losses in sugar beet production in various production systems in Khorasan1491692174FAJournal Article20131016Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients in crop production, but it's losses to the environment is harmful. The SUNDIAL model (simulation model of N dynamics in the soil) was used to quantify the cycle of N and it's losses in different production systems of sugar beet (Beta Vulgaris L.) in former Khorasan province, east of Iran. The data were collected from traditional, semi-mechanized and mechanized production systems in 26 regions of 10 geographic areas of Khorasan (Northern, Razavi and Southern Khorasan provinces) to be used in the model as inputs. Results showed that the total N loss from the soil profile in traditional, semi-mechanized and mechanized systems did not differ significantly and were 50, 41 and 45 kg N ha-1, respectively. In average, 59% of total N loss occurs as gaseous losses and 41% as leaching. The most part of the gaseous losses in traditional system occurs via denitrification (63%), but in semi-mechanized (75%) and mechanized (82%) systems volatilization was dominant. The key finding is that while various systems of sugar beet production are similar with respect to N loss per hectare, they are different with respect to N loss per ton of crop yield. The average of N loss in traditional system was significantly more than other systems in terms of kg N ton-1. This implies the possibility of reducing N losses and its environmental effects thorough improving crop management.Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients in crop production, but it's losses to the environment is harmful. The SUNDIAL model (simulation model of N dynamics in the soil) was used to quantify the cycle of N and it's losses in different production systems of sugar beet (Beta Vulgaris L.) in former Khorasan province, east of Iran. The data were collected from traditional, semi-mechanized and mechanized production systems in 26 regions of 10 geographic areas of Khorasan (Northern, Razavi and Southern Khorasan provinces) to be used in the model as inputs. Results showed that the total N loss from the soil profile in traditional, semi-mechanized and mechanized systems did not differ significantly and were 50, 41 and 45 kg N ha-1, respectively. In average, 59% of total N loss occurs as gaseous losses and 41% as leaching. The most part of the gaseous losses in traditional system occurs via denitrification (63%), but in semi-mechanized (75%) and mechanized (82%) systems volatilization was dominant. The key finding is that while various systems of sugar beet production are similar with respect to N loss per hectare, they are different with respect to N loss per ton of crop yield. The average of N loss in traditional system was significantly more than other systems in terms of kg N ton-1. This implies the possibility of reducing N losses and its environmental effects thorough improving crop management.https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_2174_a6316ea6b29e48191a460a586d924c92.pdfGorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production2322-12674420150220Effect of aggregate stability indices on wheat yield in a soil with high specific surface under different tillage methodsEffect of aggregate stability indices on wheat yield in a soil with high specific surface under different tillage methods1711912175FAGhorbanAliRoshaniJournal Article20130719Effects of different tillage systems on dispersion ratio, status of aggregation, degree of aggregation, mean weight diameter, geometric diameter, the rain-fed wheat yield and the yield components were investigated by a field trial using a completely randomized block design with five treatments in four replicates during 2009-2010 growing season at Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources Research Farm located at seyedMiran, Gorgan. Tillage treatments used moldboard plough (20-25 cm) with disc, roto-tiller (12-17 cm), double disc (8-10 cm), Chisel plough (25-30 cm) and No-tillage. Results showed that the maximum and minimum dispersion ratios occured with chisel and moldboard plough respectively which indicate various tillage methods hardly influence aggregate stability in soils with high specific surface. With no concerns for loss in aggregate stability, tillage intensities may be intensified for greater yield goals. Maximum status and degree of aggregation occurred with moldboard ploughing with the consequent increases of potassium root uptake and the yield of wheat at before heading and harvest stages both.Effects of different tillage systems on dispersion ratio, status of aggregation, degree of aggregation, mean weight diameter, geometric diameter, the rain-fed wheat yield and the yield components were investigated by a field trial using a completely randomized block design with five treatments in four replicates during 2009-2010 growing season at Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources Research Farm located at seyedMiran, Gorgan. Tillage treatments used moldboard plough (20-25 cm) with disc, roto-tiller (12-17 cm), double disc (8-10 cm), Chisel plough (25-30 cm) and No-tillage. Results showed that the maximum and minimum dispersion ratios occured with chisel and moldboard plough respectively which indicate various tillage methods hardly influence aggregate stability in soils with high specific surface. With no concerns for loss in aggregate stability, tillage intensities may be intensified for greater yield goals. Maximum status and degree of aggregation occurred with moldboard ploughing with the consequent increases of potassium root uptake and the yield of wheat at before heading and harvest stages both.https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_2175_ccaf051e8e73aba494eb08425d8a5af2.pdfGorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production2322-12674420150220Changes of chemical forms of Zinc in the rhizosphere of some turnip and radish cultivarsChanges of chemical forms of Zinc in the rhizosphere of some turnip and radish cultivars1932142176FAAlirezaGolestani Fardresearcher of rhizosphere ecology and biogeochemistry group at Bodenkulture university Vienna-AustriaHosseinMir Seyed HosseiniAssistant professor in department of soil science of Tehran universityAmalAryanPhD student at Bodenkuture universityPaymanAbbaszadeh DahajiMehdiTafizigraduated student in soil science from Tehran UniversityNajmehSalari Bardsirigraduated student in soil science from Isfahan University of TechnologJournal Article20131228Abstract<br />In order to study the changes in chemical forms of zinc in the rhizosphere of two tuber plants and their relationship to plant uptake in a polluted soil, sequential (Tessier et al., 1979) and single step extraction methods were used. In this research, three radish cultivars (Raphanus sativus) and two turnip (Brassica rapa) cultivars were planted in a complete randomized design pot experiment with four replications (20 pots) and 4 pots with no cultivation as blank. Results indicated that the largest forms of zinc include Fe and Al oxide bounded carbonates, and the residual forms respectively. The exchangeable and soluble forms comprise only less than one percent of total zinc in the rhizospheric soils of all plants. The zinc concentration of shoots for different cultivars of each plant did not show significant difference and in all plants the zinc accumulation factor and the translocation factor were less than unit. Sequential and single step extractions showed significant increase of Zn in the rhizosphere of both plants compared to bulk soil. Different cultivars of both plants could significantly increase the rhizosphere DOC up to 9 mg.L-, which consequently increased soluble and exchangeable Zn in this zone for both plants compared to bulk soil.Abstract<br />In order to study the changes in chemical forms of zinc in the rhizosphere of two tuber plants and their relationship to plant uptake in a polluted soil, sequential (Tessier et al., 1979) and single step extraction methods were used. In this research, three radish cultivars (Raphanus sativus) and two turnip (Brassica rapa) cultivars were planted in a complete randomized design pot experiment with four replications (20 pots) and 4 pots with no cultivation as blank. Results indicated that the largest forms of zinc include Fe and Al oxide bounded carbonates, and the residual forms respectively. The exchangeable and soluble forms comprise only less than one percent of total zinc in the rhizospheric soils of all plants. The zinc concentration of shoots for different cultivars of each plant did not show significant difference and in all plants the zinc accumulation factor and the translocation factor were less than unit. Sequential and single step extractions showed significant increase of Zn in the rhizosphere of both plants compared to bulk soil. Different cultivars of both plants could significantly increase the rhizosphere DOC up to 9 mg.L-, which consequently increased soluble and exchangeable Zn in this zone for both plants compared to bulk soil.https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_2176_889cbea221fc5913fe2a40d39be98bf3.pdfGorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production2322-12674420150220Effect of grouping soils based on their organic carbon and clay content on performance of hierarchical pedotransfer functions of soil cation exchange capacityEffect of grouping soils based on their organic carbon and clay content on performance of hierarchical pedotransfer functions of soil cation exchange capacity2152342177FAJournal Article20121119Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is one of the main factors in monitoring and management of soil quality in order to achieve sustainable production. Although CEC can be measured directly, these measurements are difficult, time-consuming and costly, especially for aridisols. One alternative method is the use of pedotransfer functions (PTF), in which CEC of soils is estimated through available soil information. A dataset including 1141 data points was used for development and accuracy test of functions and another independent data set with 232 data points was used for validation of the PTFs. The results showed that, grouping the soils based on clay and organic carbon contents are generally reduced the coefficient of variation of clay, organic carbon and CEC. In general, the grouping of soils declined the correlation of clay and organic carbon with CEC. In soils with organic carbon contents of less than 0.5%, CEC was predicted with reasonable accuracy using only the clay. Generally, grouping the soils enhanced the accuracy of the PTFs, while in most cases decreased their reliability. However grouping the soils based on their clay content, except for soils with clay content ≥ 35%, was more effective in improving the accuracy and reliability of the functions. Clay (except for soil with clay content of ≥ 35%) was the most influential factor in predicting the CEC of the soils, so that including the other variables were not significantly improve the accuracy and reliability of the functions.Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is one of the main factors in monitoring and management of soil quality in order to achieve sustainable production. Although CEC can be measured directly, these measurements are difficult, time-consuming and costly, especially for aridisols. One alternative method is the use of pedotransfer functions (PTF), in which CEC of soils is estimated through available soil information. A dataset including 1141 data points was used for development and accuracy test of functions and another independent data set with 232 data points was used for validation of the PTFs. The results showed that, grouping the soils based on clay and organic carbon contents are generally reduced the coefficient of variation of clay, organic carbon and CEC. In general, the grouping of soils declined the correlation of clay and organic carbon with CEC. In soils with organic carbon contents of less than 0.5%, CEC was predicted with reasonable accuracy using only the clay. Generally, grouping the soils enhanced the accuracy of the PTFs, while in most cases decreased their reliability. However grouping the soils based on their clay content, except for soils with clay content ≥ 35%, was more effective in improving the accuracy and reliability of the functions. Clay (except for soil with clay content of ≥ 35%) was the most influential factor in predicting the CEC of the soils, so that including the other variables were not significantly improve the accuracy and reliability of the functions.https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_2177_b4d545b1b114ea25f936c7e1ee0e354e.pdfGorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production2322-12674420150220Evaluation of the effects of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and salinity on germination and growth of corn plants (Zea mays L.)Evaluation of the effects of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and salinity on germination and growth of corn plants (Zea mays L.)2352532191FAAliAnsouriALIFALLAHSCIENTIFIC STAFFJournal Article20130504The plant promoting bacteria as biological fertilizers play an important role in increasing productivity and improving plant growth in stress condition. In order to evaluate the ability of plant promoting bacteria rhizobacteria on germination and growth of corn under salinity conditions, a pot experiment was conducted in factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of salinity stress at five levels [zero (control), 2, 4, 6 and 8 dSm-1 of sodium chloride] and four levels of bacterial [non-inoculation (control), Azotobacter chroococum, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas putida]. The Results showed a significant effect (p <0.01) on maximum germination, germination uniformity, time to 10% and 90% germination due to salinity stress. The most Gmax and D10 values were obtained in Azotobacter chroococum bacteria treatment. The interaction effects of salinity stress and bacterial inoculation significantly affected the Gmax values. Bacterial inoculation increased Gmax values significantly compared to non-inoculation plants in all of salinity levels. Also salinity stress effect was significant (P<0.01) for biomass, root weight, leaf number and height of corn. The most biomass yield and plant height were obtained from the inoculation with Azotobacter chroococum. Results showed that biomass yield and plant height decreased with increasing salinity stress in non-inoculated treatments. Inoculation with bacteria increased the biomass and height of plant significantly compared to non-inoculated plants in all of salinity levels. Based on our results, PGPRs can alleviate the negative-effects of salinity stress in corn through increasing of plant growth.The plant promoting bacteria as biological fertilizers play an important role in increasing productivity and improving plant growth in stress condition. In order to evaluate the ability of plant promoting bacteria rhizobacteria on germination and growth of corn under salinity conditions, a pot experiment was conducted in factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of salinity stress at five levels [zero (control), 2, 4, 6 and 8 dSm-1 of sodium chloride] and four levels of bacterial [non-inoculation (control), Azotobacter chroococum, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas putida]. The Results showed a significant effect (p <0.01) on maximum germination, germination uniformity, time to 10% and 90% germination due to salinity stress. The most Gmax and D10 values were obtained in Azotobacter chroococum bacteria treatment. The interaction effects of salinity stress and bacterial inoculation significantly affected the Gmax values. Bacterial inoculation increased Gmax values significantly compared to non-inoculation plants in all of salinity levels. Also salinity stress effect was significant (P<0.01) for biomass, root weight, leaf number and height of corn. The most biomass yield and plant height were obtained from the inoculation with Azotobacter chroococum. Results showed that biomass yield and plant height decreased with increasing salinity stress in non-inoculated treatments. Inoculation with bacteria increased the biomass and height of plant significantly compared to non-inoculated plants in all of salinity levels. Based on our results, PGPRs can alleviate the negative-effects of salinity stress in corn through increasing of plant growth.https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_2191_9ed8f5be175b8364916244f2c4892c12.pdfGorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production2322-12674420150220Evaluation of spatial variability of availalable Iron and affecting factors on it in paddy soils (case study: Central paddy fields of Guilan)Evaluation of spatial variability of availalable Iron and affecting factors on it in paddy soils (case study: Central paddy fields of Guilan)2552742192FAFahimehKhoramizadehNaserDavatgarScientific Staff and Head of Rice Research Institute/ Rice Research InstituteMohammad MehdiTehraniScientific Staff/ Soil and Water Research InstituteVahid RezaGhasemi DehkodiScientific Staff/ Soil and Water Research InstituteEbrahimAsaadi OskuieM.Sc. graduate/ AgroMeteorology, Weather Bureau of GuilanJournal Article20130603Iron is an essential nutrients in rice. Accurate assessment of this element in paddy soils is very important. Improving fertility management, accurate interpolation, being aware of spatial variability and patterns of distribution of micronutrients are the most important factors in soil management and accurate consumption of fertilizers. this study was done for Investigating of available iron, determining the impressive soil factors and choosing the best interpolation method for determining spatial variability of plant available iron in 162 soil samples of the paddy fields in central Guilan. Estimating and interpolation of variables were investigated with kriging and inverse distance weighting (IDW) methods in power one to four and the best interpolation method was chose using evaluating statistics such as ME and NRMSE. Organic carbon, clay and soil pH by controlling soil reduction conditions had the most effect on available Iron. Variability of available iron had a random shape in the study area and spatial dependency of these variables was weak. Therefor inverse distance method was prosperous than kriging for interpolation of available iron. Spatial variability of available iron in the study area showed that high concentration of available iron was in soils with acidic pH and low concentration observed in soils with light texture and approximately neutral pH. So, in order to retain the amount of available iron in the study area, usage of iron fertilizers based on site specific management is necessary.Iron is an essential nutrients in rice. Accurate assessment of this element in paddy soils is very important. Improving fertility management, accurate interpolation, being aware of spatial variability and patterns of distribution of micronutrients are the most important factors in soil management and accurate consumption of fertilizers. this study was done for Investigating of available iron, determining the impressive soil factors and choosing the best interpolation method for determining spatial variability of plant available iron in 162 soil samples of the paddy fields in central Guilan. Estimating and interpolation of variables were investigated with kriging and inverse distance weighting (IDW) methods in power one to four and the best interpolation method was chose using evaluating statistics such as ME and NRMSE. Organic carbon, clay and soil pH by controlling soil reduction conditions had the most effect on available Iron. Variability of available iron had a random shape in the study area and spatial dependency of these variables was weak. Therefor inverse distance method was prosperous than kriging for interpolation of available iron. Spatial variability of available iron in the study area showed that high concentration of available iron was in soils with acidic pH and low concentration observed in soils with light texture and approximately neutral pH. So, in order to retain the amount of available iron in the study area, usage of iron fertilizers based on site specific management is necessary.https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_2192_2f6364f1e07c820b69883ecbe23998ba.pdfGorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production2322-12674420150220Effect of soil salinity and compaction on some physiological characteristics of corn (Zea mays L.)Effect of soil salinity and compaction on some physiological characteristics of corn (Zea mays L.)2752932193FARezaHassanpour0000-0001-9262-6251MohammadrezaNeyshabouriDavoodZarehaggiJournal Article20131116This research was performed to investigate the combined effect of soil salinity and compaction on some physiological characteristics of corn. For this purpose a factorial pot experiment on the basis of completely randomized design with three replications was performed. The experimental factors were three levels of soil salinity (saturated paste extract electrical conductivity 1.5, 2.5 and 4.5 dS/m) and three levels of soil compaction (bulk density 1.3, 1.55 and 1.75 g/cm3. For creating salinity, different amounts of NaCl was dissolved in the required volume of distilled water to raise the mass water content to 16% and then added to soil. For creating soil compaction a cylinder mass with 4.5 kg weight that it was allowed to fall freely to the soil surface in the pots from 45 cm elevation. Soil salinity led to significant increase in stomatal resistance, proline concentration and Na concentration. Soil compaction significantly decreased leaf water potential and increased stomatal resistance At the applied range of soil salinity and compaction, soil salinity caused more adverse effect than soil compaction on physiological characteristics of corn. Despite that combined effect of soil salinity and compaction became statistically significant only on stomatal resistance, combination of soil salinity and compaction led to increase in proline and Na concentration and to decline in leaf water potential, RWC, K concentration and K/Na. Combined effect of salinity and compaction led to more drastic effects than their individual. Therefore, one of the approaches of soil salinity alleviation may be to avoid or reduce soil compaction.This research was performed to investigate the combined effect of soil salinity and compaction on some physiological characteristics of corn. For this purpose a factorial pot experiment on the basis of completely randomized design with three replications was performed. The experimental factors were three levels of soil salinity (saturated paste extract electrical conductivity 1.5, 2.5 and 4.5 dS/m) and three levels of soil compaction (bulk density 1.3, 1.55 and 1.75 g/cm3. For creating salinity, different amounts of NaCl was dissolved in the required volume of distilled water to raise the mass water content to 16% and then added to soil. For creating soil compaction a cylinder mass with 4.5 kg weight that it was allowed to fall freely to the soil surface in the pots from 45 cm elevation. Soil salinity led to significant increase in stomatal resistance, proline concentration and Na concentration. Soil compaction significantly decreased leaf water potential and increased stomatal resistance At the applied range of soil salinity and compaction, soil salinity caused more adverse effect than soil compaction on physiological characteristics of corn. Despite that combined effect of soil salinity and compaction became statistically significant only on stomatal resistance, combination of soil salinity and compaction led to increase in proline and Na concentration and to decline in leaf water potential, RWC, K concentration and K/Na. Combined effect of salinity and compaction led to more drastic effects than their individual. Therefore, one of the approaches of soil salinity alleviation may be to avoid or reduce soil compaction.https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_2193_a6ab8203379c170425e6cd6ecfa34bb5.pdfGorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production2322-12674420150220Calibration and validation of SWAT model using PSO algorithm for the simulation of runoff and sediment in a mountainous watershedCalibration and validation of SWAT model using PSO algorithm for the simulation of runoff and sediment in a mountainous watershed2953122194FAJournal Article20131115Soil erosion is a major environmental threat to sustainability and agricultural productivity leading to reduction of soil fertility, loss of nutrients, and declines of crop yields in arable lands. In this study, the suitability of SWAT model for simulating the daily runoff and sediment in the Bazoft watershed (one of the main sub-basins of the Karun river basin in central Iran) was investigated. For this purpose, three different climate data sets including climate data obtained from the Bazoft watershed (Bazoft watershed data), the climate research unit data (CRU data), and a combination of the CRU and Bazoft watershed data (Bazoft-CRU data) were first investigated. Then, the potential use of PSO algorithm for calibrating and validating of the model was evaluated. The constructed SWAT model using a combination of the CRU data and the Bazoft climate data had a better runoff simulation performance in the study area. The obtained Nash-Sutcliff (NS) coefficient for the constructed SWAT model using the Bazoft-CRU data was 0.38 while it was 0.31 and 0.21 for the proposed SWAT model using the Bazoft watershed data and the CRU data, respectively. The obtained r-factor and p-factor values in the model calibration period using the PSO algorithm were 1.25 and 0.81, respectively. The R2 and NS coefficients for the validation period were also 0.64 and 0.60, respectively. Furthermore, in the sediment simulation step, the r-factor and p-factor values for the calibration period were 0.69 and 0.85, respectively, and they were 0.63 and 0.80 for the validation period, respectively.Soil erosion is a major environmental threat to sustainability and agricultural productivity leading to reduction of soil fertility, loss of nutrients, and declines of crop yields in arable lands. In this study, the suitability of SWAT model for simulating the daily runoff and sediment in the Bazoft watershed (one of the main sub-basins of the Karun river basin in central Iran) was investigated. For this purpose, three different climate data sets including climate data obtained from the Bazoft watershed (Bazoft watershed data), the climate research unit data (CRU data), and a combination of the CRU and Bazoft watershed data (Bazoft-CRU data) were first investigated. Then, the potential use of PSO algorithm for calibrating and validating of the model was evaluated. The constructed SWAT model using a combination of the CRU data and the Bazoft climate data had a better runoff simulation performance in the study area. The obtained Nash-Sutcliff (NS) coefficient for the constructed SWAT model using the Bazoft-CRU data was 0.38 while it was 0.31 and 0.21 for the proposed SWAT model using the Bazoft watershed data and the CRU data, respectively. The obtained r-factor and p-factor values in the model calibration period using the PSO algorithm were 1.25 and 0.81, respectively. The R2 and NS coefficients for the validation period were also 0.64 and 0.60, respectively. Furthermore, in the sediment simulation step, the r-factor and p-factor values for the calibration period were 0.69 and 0.85, respectively, and they were 0.63 and 0.80 for the validation period, respectively.https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_2194_6972f674dbe7c1ec5e3bc093d64200db.pdfGorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production2322-12674420150220Wheat cultivation effect on inorganic P forms in loess-derived soils of Golestan provinceWheat cultivation effect on inorganic P forms in loess-derived soils of Golestan province3133302195FAEsmaelDordipourMember of scientific boardZahraNaghizadeh AslStudentJournal Article20130608Knowledge of the phosphorus (P) forms is essential for understanding the behavior of phosphorus. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of wheat cultivation on different inorganic P forms of soil. A greenhouse factorial experiment in a completely randomized design was carried out with three replications in 20 soil types and plantation at two levels (with and without plantation). The aerial parts were harvested after two months and different forms of phosphorus were determined by Jiang and Gus' inorganic-P fractionation method. The results showed that wheat cultivation had a significant effect on all forms of phosphorus in soil except occluded P in Fe oxides. Duncan's means comparisons test at P. value ≤ 0.05 also showed that the amount of phosphate dicalcium (Ca2-P) in all of calcareous loess derived soils after wheat cultivation was less than uncultivated soils and it was significant in 30% of soils at P. value ≤ 5%. Similarly, wheat planting also reduced the amount of octacalcium phosphate (Ca8-P) and aluminum phosphates (Al-P), but the reduction was significant only in three soil samples. Decrease of iron phosphates (Fe-P) and apatite (Ca10-P) after the wheat harvest was significant only in one of the soils studied.Knowledge of the phosphorus (P) forms is essential for understanding the behavior of phosphorus. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of wheat cultivation on different inorganic P forms of soil. A greenhouse factorial experiment in a completely randomized design was carried out with three replications in 20 soil types and plantation at two levels (with and without plantation). The aerial parts were harvested after two months and different forms of phosphorus were determined by Jiang and Gus' inorganic-P fractionation method. The results showed that wheat cultivation had a significant effect on all forms of phosphorus in soil except occluded P in Fe oxides. Duncan's means comparisons test at P. value ≤ 0.05 also showed that the amount of phosphate dicalcium (Ca2-P) in all of calcareous loess derived soils after wheat cultivation was less than uncultivated soils and it was significant in 30% of soils at P. value ≤ 5%. Similarly, wheat planting also reduced the amount of octacalcium phosphate (Ca8-P) and aluminum phosphates (Al-P), but the reduction was significant only in three soil samples. Decrease of iron phosphates (Fe-P) and apatite (Ca10-P) after the wheat harvest was significant only in one of the soils studied.https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_2195_c025543cb98490394bcc6adb42226ab4.pdfGorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production2322-12674420150220Investigating the decomposition of crop residues using woodborn and soilborn saprophytic fungiInvestigating the decomposition of crop residues using woodborn and soilborn saprophytic fungi3313462199FAS. EsmaeelRazaviBehnamKamkarHamidrezaSadeghipourJournal Article20130916Investigating the decomposition of crop residues using woodborn and soilborn saprophytic fungi <br />This experiment was conduceted to evaluate the effect of some fungi on decomposition of crop residues. Crop residues from rice, wheat, cotton, canola and soybean were inoculated with Pleurotus ostreatus, Phanerochaete chrysoporium, Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma viride in vitro. After 30 days, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, nitrogen and inorganic carbon were measured in both treated and control samples. The greatest growth rate and establishment occurred for P. ostreatus and these parameters declined for T. viride, A. niger and P. chrysoporium in the written sequence. The rate of fungi establishment after 5 days on different substrata was greatest for soybean and it decreased on cotton, canola, wheat and rice residues. In all residues, hemicellulose was decomposed more than cellulose and lignin. Fungi were also different with respect to their decomposition potentials; maximum hemicellulose decomposition was observed in P. ostreatus with a continuous decline in T. viride, A. niger and P. chrysoporium. Maximum cellulose decomposition occurred by P. ostreatus and T. viride on all substrata except rice. P. ostreatus and P. chrysoporium (Basidiomycota) had the maximum effect on the residue lignin content, while T. viride and A. niger (Ascomycota) had less effect under the same environmental conditions. Results revealed maximum nitrogen mobilization on soybean and rice by A. niger while the minimum one observed on soybean by T. viride, P. ostreatus and P. chrysoporium. Key Word: Plant residuce, C/N, Fungi decomposition,Investigating the decomposition of crop residues using woodborn and soilborn saprophytic fungi <br />This experiment was conduceted to evaluate the effect of some fungi on decomposition of crop residues. Crop residues from rice, wheat, cotton, canola and soybean were inoculated with Pleurotus ostreatus, Phanerochaete chrysoporium, Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma viride in vitro. After 30 days, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, nitrogen and inorganic carbon were measured in both treated and control samples. The greatest growth rate and establishment occurred for P. ostreatus and these parameters declined for T. viride, A. niger and P. chrysoporium in the written sequence. The rate of fungi establishment after 5 days on different substrata was greatest for soybean and it decreased on cotton, canola, wheat and rice residues. In all residues, hemicellulose was decomposed more than cellulose and lignin. Fungi were also different with respect to their decomposition potentials; maximum hemicellulose decomposition was observed in P. ostreatus with a continuous decline in T. viride, A. niger and P. chrysoporium. Maximum cellulose decomposition occurred by P. ostreatus and T. viride on all substrata except rice. P. ostreatus and P. chrysoporium (Basidiomycota) had the maximum effect on the residue lignin content, while T. viride and A. niger (Ascomycota) had less effect under the same environmental conditions. Results revealed maximum nitrogen mobilization on soybean and rice by A. niger while the minimum one observed on soybean by T. viride, P. ostreatus and P. chrysoporium. Key Word: Plant residuce, C/N, Fungi decomposition,https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_2199_68c7b40a971d207735eab79a2acbb29f.pdfGorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production2322-12674420150220The effect of fire on som soil chemical properties of forest area of Baghe shadi Herat- Yazd ProvinceThe effect of fire on som soil chemical properties of forest area of Baghe shadi Herat- Yazd Province3473542197FAAsgharMosleh AranyFahimeOlfatiYazd universityHamidAzimzadehJournal Article20130521The effect of fire was investigated on some soil chemical properties of forest area of Baghe Shadi Herat- Yazd Province. To perform the experiment, 18 profiles of soil in control area and 7 profiles from each of burned areas were dug and samples of two depth (0-15 and 15-30) in total of 64 samples were collected. Results showed effect of the area was significant in organic matter and carbon percentage, P and N. The average amount of carbon, organic matter and N in burned areas were significantly more than control. The average amount of carbon, organic matter and N in control were equal to 0,76, 1.31 and 0.82 and in burned area were equal to 1.35, 2.4 and 1.03 respectively. There are significant differences in organic matter and carbon percentage, P and N between two depths of 0-15 and 15-30 and the measured characters were high in 0-15 compared to 15-30. It is concluded that fire can positively affect in increasing some element such as the average amount of carbon, organic matter and N and therefor proposed that other studies such as fauna and flora of soil, erosion possibility and ecological and forestry changes would be done at the same time.The effect of fire was investigated on some soil chemical properties of forest area of Baghe Shadi Herat- Yazd Province. To perform the experiment, 18 profiles of soil in control area and 7 profiles from each of burned areas were dug and samples of two depth (0-15 and 15-30) in total of 64 samples were collected. Results showed effect of the area was significant in organic matter and carbon percentage, P and N. The average amount of carbon, organic matter and N in burned areas were significantly more than control. The average amount of carbon, organic matter and N in control were equal to 0,76, 1.31 and 0.82 and in burned area were equal to 1.35, 2.4 and 1.03 respectively. There are significant differences in organic matter and carbon percentage, P and N between two depths of 0-15 and 15-30 and the measured characters were high in 0-15 compared to 15-30. It is concluded that fire can positively affect in increasing some element such as the average amount of carbon, organic matter and N and therefor proposed that other studies such as fauna and flora of soil, erosion possibility and ecological and forestry changes would be done at the same time.https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_2197_bfe1e480778b2776e165351400c12e7f.pdfGorgan University Of Agricultural SciencesJournal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production2322-12674420150220The effect of tillage systems on soil nutrients
Case study: Agricultural land, city of Kalaleh - Golestan ProvinceThe effect of tillage systems on soil nutrients
Case study: Agricultural land, city of Kalaleh - Golestan Province3553602198FAJournal Article20121203the challenge for today's researchers and practitioners agriculture, increase productivity while maintaining or improving environmental quality (including water, soil and air) to be ¬ Rapid population growth and increasing demand for food, researchers are continuing to study the management of high yielding varieties suitable for growing To escape environmental stresses in dry conditions and provide appropriate solutions and technical manuals, planting Vbrdasht will be required to increase crop production. The purpose of soil conservation tillage is reducing soil tillage operations and crop residue management on soil.to different tillage methods on soil for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil. This study was conducted with three tillage treatments including: conventional, reduced and no tillage and three replications in a completely randomized design (CRD) in some agricultural fields with silt loam texture.. Results of the study have shown that Conventional tillage caused highest N and K contents in comparison with other tillage treatments; while highest P content was observed by implementation of no-till and reduced tillage systems, respectively.the challenge for today's researchers and practitioners agriculture, increase productivity while maintaining or improving environmental quality (including water, soil and air) to be ¬ Rapid population growth and increasing demand for food, researchers are continuing to study the management of high yielding varieties suitable for growing To escape environmental stresses in dry conditions and provide appropriate solutions and technical manuals, planting Vbrdasht will be required to increase crop production. The purpose of soil conservation tillage is reducing soil tillage operations and crop residue management on soil.to different tillage methods on soil for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil. This study was conducted with three tillage treatments including: conventional, reduced and no tillage and three replications in a completely randomized design (CRD) in some agricultural fields with silt loam texture.. Results of the study have shown that Conventional tillage caused highest N and K contents in comparison with other tillage treatments; while highest P content was observed by implementation of no-till and reduced tillage systems, respectively.https://ejsms.gau.ac.ir/article_2198_7a9d8fd0d01f4354839e008c7594303d.pdf