Effect of Rice Husk Biochar and Piriformospora Indica Endophytic Fungus on corn yeild in Zn contaminated soil

Document Type : Complete scientific research article

Authors

1 M.Sc Graduated,Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University

2 Assistant Professor, Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University

3 associati,Professor, Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University

Abstract

Background and Objectives: The symbiotic relationship between endophytic fungi and plants due to its significant influences on the growth and yield of plants under the conditions of soil pollution has an effective role in heavy metal stress tolerance in plants. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of rice husk biochar and the endophytic fungus; Piriformospora indica; on some growth indicators (the shoot height, fresh weight and stem diameter) on corn and biological properties (microbial respiration and microbial biomass carbon) of a Zn-polluted soil under greenhouse condition.
Materials and Methods: To do this research, suitable amount of soil from surface horizon (0-30) of a calcareous soil was collected, After air drying, samples were passed through a 2 mm sieve. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized factorial design experiment with three factors including Zn (0, 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg kg-1 soil), rice husk biochar (0, 2 and 4 weight percent) and P. indica (non-inoculated and inoculation with fungi). Biochars were produced using the pyrolysis of rice husk (500 °C for 4 h) in the limited oxygen conditions. For propagation of fungi and production of sufficient amount of spores, the isolates of the fungus were cultured and stored at 24 °C in the incubator for 4 weeks. Before the corn was cultivated, after addition of biochar and zinc for 2 months, soil was incubated in field capacity moisture conditions at 25 °C. After 8 weeks of plant growth some biological and morphological characteristics were measured.
Results: At levels of 2 and 4 (% w/w) biochar, The shoot fresh weight, the shoot height, and stem diameter of the control plants and non-inoculated with P. indica significantly increased by 4.14 and 9.18 percent, 3.49 and 8.43 percent, 3.18 and 9.25 percent respectively.
Whereas in the same conditions, shoot fresh weight of plants inoculation of P. indica was 5.73 and 12.76 percent, the shoot height was 4.84 and 7.67 percent, and stem diameter showed a significant increase 6.71 and 22.61 percent compared to the control plants respectively. Also average microbial respiration and microbial biomass carbon in soil after corn harvesting in non-inoculated of P. indica plants in condition at levels of 2 and 4 (% w/w) biochar of the control (without biochar) 39.33 and 47.83 percent and 12.69 and 31.30 percent significant increase respectively (p < 0.05). But the amount of these indicators of plants inoculation of P. indica at levels of 2 and 4 (% w/w) biochar of the control (without biochar) 40.85 and 46.63 percent and 2.96 and 26.48 percent significant increase respectively (p < 0.05).
Conclusions: Application of 2 and 4 (% w/w) biochar resulted in significant increases in the shoot height, fresh weight and stem diameter on corn plant as well as microbial respiration and microbial biomass carbon of the soil. While this increase is more in the plants inoculation with P. Indica fungi. Increasing biochar levels increases the nutrients absorption and improves plant growth. In addition, the P. indica fungi is likely to improve corn growth due to the production of growth stimulants and the increased nutritional capacity of the mineral nutrients for the plant. Also, the height, fresh weight and diameter of the shoots increased at levels of 50 and 100 mg kg-1 of Zn and decreased at higher levels (200 and 300 mg kg-1), possibly at high zinc levels due to decreased cytokinin, Iron, potassium and calcium, as well as increased ethylene and growth inhibitors inhibit corn growth.

Keywords

References

1.Aceves, M., Grace, C., Ansorena, J.,
Dendooven, L., and Brookes, P.C. 1999.
Soil microbial biomass and organic C in
gradient of zinc concentrations in soil
around a mine spoil tip. J. Soil Biol.
Biochem. 31: 867-876.
2.Aidid, S., and Okamoto, H. 1993.
Responses of elongation rate, turgor
pressure and cell wall extensibility of
stem cells of Impatiens balsmina to Lead,
Copper and Zinc. Biometals. 6: 245-249.
3.Baath, E. 1989. Effects of heavy metals
in soil on microbial processes and
populations (a review). J. Water Air Soil
Pollut. 47: 335-379.
4.Babich, R.J., Bewley, F., and Stotzky, G.
1983. Application of the ecological dose
concept to the impact of heavy metals on
some microbe- mediated ecologic
processes in soil. J. Archit. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 12: 421-426.
5.Banerjee, M., Yesmin R.L., and
Vessey, J.L. 2006. Plant-growth-promoting
rhizobacteria as biofertilizers and
biopesticides. P 137-181. In: Handbook
of microbial biofertilizers, M.K. Rai (ed),
Food Production Press, U.S.A.
6.Bouyoucos, G.J. 1962. Hydrometer
method improved for making particle size
analyses of soils. Agron. J. 54: 5. 464-465.
7.Bradley, P.D., Schipper, L.A., Graham, P.
and Sparling, L.C. 2001. Is the microbial
community in a soil with reduced
catabolic diversity less resistant to stress
or disturbance? Soil Biol. Biochem.
33: 1143-115.
8.Bremner, J.M. 1996. Nitrogen Total
P 1085-1122. In: D.L. Sparks et al., (eds)
Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3.
American. Society. Agronomy, Madison.
WI.
9.Carter, S., Shackley, S., Sohi, S., Suy,
T.B., and Haefele, S. 2013. The impact of
biochar application on soil properties and
plant growth of pot grown lettuce
(Lactuca sativa) and cabbage (Brassica
chinensis). Agron. J. 3: 404-418.
10.Chapman, H.D., and Pratt, P.F. 1961.
Method of analysis for soils, plants and
waters. University of California. Div.
agricul Sci. J. Pp: 60-68.
11.Chapman, H.D., and Pratt, P.E. 1982.
Methods of analysis for soil plants
and waters, University of California
Publication. no. 4034. Berkely, California.
12.Chelvei, M. 2011. Isolation of sewage
sludge effects and microbial growth
enhancement on the concentration and
distribution of chemical species of
zinc and cadmium in soil. Master's
thesis, Shahid Chamran University.
147p. (In Persian)
13.Dai, J., Becquer, T., Rouiller, J.H.,
Reversat, G., Bernhard-Reversat, F.,
Nahmani, J., and Lavelle, P. 2004.
Influence of heavy metals on C and N
mineralization and microbial biomass in
Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd contaminated soils.
Appl. Soil Ecol. J. 25: 99-109.
14.Fierer, N., Schimel, J.P., and Holden,
P.A. 2003. Variations in microbial
community composition through two
soil depth profiles. Soil Biol. Biochem.
J. 35: 167-176.
15.Fu, P., Yi, W., Bai, X., Li, Z., Hu,
S., and Xiang, J. 2011. Effect of
temperature on gas composition and
char structural features of pyrolyzed
agricultural residues. Bioresour. Technol.
J. 102: 17. 8211-8219.
16.Ghorbani, M. 2010. Effect of
vermicompost and vermiculite application
on growth and absorption of cadmium by
spinach in a calcareous soil under
greenhouse conditions. Master's thesis,
Shiraz University. 145p. (In Persian)
17.Giller, K.E., Witter, E., and Mc Grath,
S.P. 1998. Toxicity of heavy metals to
micro-organisms and microbial processes
in agricultural soils (a review). Soil Biol.
Biochem. J. 30: 1389-1414.
18.Hall, G., Woodborne, S., and Scholes,
M. 2008. Stable carbon isotope rations
from archaeological charcoal as
palaeoenvironmental indicators. Chem.
Geol. J. 247: 3. 384-400.
19.Hojjati, S., Nourbakhsh, F., and Khavari,
K. 2006. Effect of sewage sludge on
microbial biomass index, enzymatic
activity and corn yield. 20: 1. 84-93.
(In Persian)
20.Hosseini, Z., and Pourakbar, L. 2013.
Investigation of interaction between zinc
and organic acid (malic acid, citric acid)
on antioxidant responses in Zea mays L.
5: 16. 1-12. (In Persian)
21.Ikiz, O., Abak, K., Dasgan, H.Y., and Ortas,
I. 2009. Effects of mycorrhizal inoculation
in soilless culture on pepper plant growth.
Acta Hortic. J. 807: 533-540.
22.Inal, A., Gunes, A., Sahin, O., Taskin,
M.B., and Kaya, E.C. 2015. Impacts of
biochar and processed poultry manure,
applied to a calcareous soil, on the
growth of bean and maize. Soil Use and
Manage. J. 2: 106-113.
23.Isermeyer, H. 1952. Eine einfache Methode
zur Bestimmung der Bodenatmung and der
carbonate in Boden. Pflanzenernah Bodenk.
J. 56: 26-38.
24.Jenkinson, D.S., and Powlson, D.S.
1976. The effect of biocidal treatments
of metabolism in soils. V. A method for
measuring soil biomass. Soil Biol.
Biochem. J. 8: 209-213.
25.Khavari Nezhad, R.A., Najafi, Kh., and
Firozeh, R. 2011. Effects of zinc sulfate
on (ZnSO4) on some physiological
parameters of bean plant (phaselus
vulgaris L.). Q. plant Sci. J. 6: 1. 1-14.
(In Persian)
26.Landi, L., Renella, G., Moreno, J.L.,
Falchini, L., and Nannipieri, P. 2000.
Influence of cadmium on the metabolic
quotient, L-, D- glutamic acid respiration
ratio and enzyme activity, microbial
biomass ratio under laboratory conditions.
Biol. Fertil. Soil. J. 32: 8-16.
27.Lekzyan, A., and Yazdan Panah, N.
2007. Study of the rate of degradation
of wheat, alfalfa and tomato residues
under laboratory conditions. Agric. Sci.
Technol. J. 21: 3-9. (In Persian)
28.Lindsay, W.L., and Norvell, W.A. 1978.
Development of a DTPA soil test for
zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soil
Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42: 3. 421-428.
29.Loeppert, R.H., and Suarez, D.L. 1996.
Carbonate and gypsum. P 437-474. In:
D.L. Sparks (ed). Methods of Soil
Analysis. Part 3. 3rd ed. Soil Science
Society of America and American Society
of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin.
30.Lotfi, A. 2011. Different forms of
potassium and the possibility of
alteration of clay minerals in corntreated
soils by drought stress, bacteria
and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
Master's thesis, Shiraz University. 176p.
(In Persian)
31.Masto, R.E., Ansari, M.A., George, J.,
Selvi, V.A., and Ram, L.C. 2013.
Coapplication of biochar and lignite fly
ash on soil nutrients and biological
parameters at different crop growth
stages of Zea mays, Ecol. Eng. J.
58: 314-322.
32.Megharaj, M. 2000. Influence of
petroleum hydrocarbon contamination
on microalgae and microbial activities in
a long-term contaminated soil. J. Archi
Environ Contam. Toxicol. 38: 439-445.
33.Mehtadi, A., and Hoshyari, S. 2016.
Investigating the interaction of cadmium
and zinc in the plant (Matthiola flavida
boiss). J. Plant Res. 29: 1. 210-220.
(In Persian)
34.Misbahuzzaman, K., and Ingleby, K.A.
2005. Structural study of ecto-mycorrhizas
formed in Seedlings of Eucalyptus
camaldulensis Dehnhardt, Int. Agric.
Biol. J. 7: 400-405.
35.Mukherjee, A., Lal, R., and Zimmerman,
A.R. 2014. Effects of biochar and other
amendments on the physical properties
and greenhouse gas emissions of an
artificially degraded soil. Sci. Total
Environ. 487: 26-36.
36.Nelson, D.W., and Sommers, L.E. 1996.
Total carbon, organic carbon and organic
matter. P 961-1010. In: D.L. Sparks, (ed).
Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3-
chemical methods and microbiological
properties. Soil Sci. Am. Soc. Agron. J.
Madison, Wisconsin.
37.Olsen, S.R.C., Cole, V., Watanabe, F.S.,
and Dean, L.A. 1954. Estimation of
available phosphorous in soils by
extraction with sodium bicarbonate.
USDA.Cir. 939, US Govern printing
office, Washing ton, DC.
38.Pattiya, A. 2011. Bio-oil production via
fast pyrolysis of biomass residues from
cassava plants in a fluidised-bed reactor.
Bioresour. Technol. 102: 2. 1959-1967.
39.Pham, G.H., Kumari, R., Singh, A.,
Malla, R., Prasad, R., Sachdev, M.,
Kaldorf, M., Buscot, F., Oelmuller, R.,
and Hampp, R. 2004. Axenic culture of
symbiotic fungus piriforomospora
indica. P 593-613. In: A. Varma, L.
Abbott, D. Werner, R. Hampp (eds.),
Plant Surface Microbiology. Springer –
Verlag. Germany.
40.Rajabi, H. 2014. Effect of Pistachio
pulp, sewage sludge, and fertilizer on
bioavailability and absorption of
nitrogen and phosphorus by spinach.
Master's thesis, Shiraz University. 187p.
(In Persian)
41.Rasoli Sedghiyani, M.H., Ghareh Maleki,
T., Besharati, H., and Tavasoli, A.R.
2011. Effect of mycorrhizal stimulating
bacteria on growth and zinc absorption
by maize in a zinc contaminated soil.
Water Soil. Sci. J. 21: 2. 135-147.
(In Persian)
42.Renella, G., Chaudri, A.M., and Brookes,
P.C. 2002. Fresh additions of heavy
metals do not model long- term effects on
microbial biomass and activity. Soil Biol.
Biochem. J. 34: 121-124.
43.Rhoades, J.D., Sparks, D.L., Page,
A.L., Helmke, P.A., Loeppert, R.H.,
Soltanpour, P.N., and Sumner, M.E.
1996. Salinity: Electrical conductivity
and total dissolved solids. P 417-435.
Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3.
Chemical Methods.
44.Rion, B., and Alloway, J. 2004.
Fundamental aspects of zinc in soils and
plants. Int Zinc. Pp: 39-45.
45.Sumner, M.E., Miller, W.P., Sparks,
D.L., Page, A.L., Helmke, P.A.,
Loeppert, R.H., and Johnston, C.T.
1996. Cation exchange capacity and
exchange coefficients. Methods of Soil
Analysis. P 1201-1229. Part 3. Chemical
Methods.
46.Thomas, G.W. 1996. Soil pH and soil
acidity. P 475-490. In D.L. Sparks,
(ed) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3.
American Society of Agronomy, Madison.
WI.
47.Uzoma, K.C., Inoue, M., Andry, H.,
Fujimaki, H., Zahoor, A., and Nishihara,
E. 2011. Effect of cow manure biochar
on maize productivity under sandy soil
condition. Journal compilation British
Society of Soil Science. Soil Use.
Manage. J. 27: 205-212.
48.Varma, A., Savita, S., Sahay, N.,
Butehorn, B., and Franken, P. 1998.
Piriformos poraindica, a cultivable
plantgrowth- promoting root endophyte. J.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 2741-2744.
49.Verheijen, F., Jeffery, S., Bastos,
A.C., Van der Velde, M., and Diafas,
I. 2010. Biochar application to
soils. Institute for Environment and
Sustainability, Luxembourg. 149p.
50.Watzinger, A., Feichtmair, S., Kitzler,
B., Zehetner, F., Kloss, S., Wimmer, B.,
Boltenstern, S.Z., and Soja, G. 2014.
Soil microbial communities responded
to biochar application in temperate soils
and slowly metabolized 13C-labelled
biochar as revealed by 13C PLFA
analysis: results from a short term
incubation and pot experiment, Eur. Soil
Sci. J. 65: 40-51.
51.Yazdan Panah, N., Fotovat, A.,
Lekzeyan, A., and Hagh Niyah, Gh.M.
2008. Effect of Zn and Cd heavy metals
on the microbial respiration process in
both calcareous and non calcareous soils.
Agric. Sci. Technol. J. Special Water and
Soil. 22: 1. 60-69. (In Persian)
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Volume 8, Issue 3
December 2018
Pages 61-78

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics