Effect of Different Levels of Domestic Sewage Sludge on concentration of heavy of Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb in in Radish and basil and some of chemical Soil Properties

Document Type : Complete scientific research article

Authors

1 Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture University of Mashhad, Iran

2 Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran

3 Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture Fredowsi University of Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

Background and Objectives: According to the population growth and increasing production of urban waste, environmental hazards of these wastes are on of the most important challenges in most cities that the safest way to prevent them from accumulating is to add them to the agriculture lands. This case is especially considered in countries with dry climates because of lacking organic matter in soils. Due to the high consumption of vegetables in the country and the use of sewage sludge as soil fertilizer, the risk of soil pollution for the peresence of heavy metals in soil and plant may threaten human and creature health. Consequently, studies need to be conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of sewage sludge on of zinc (Zn), cupper (Cu), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) concentration in root and shoot of radish (Raphanus sativus) and and basil (Ocimum basilicum) vegetables.
Materials and Methods: This study aims to investigate the effect of domestic sewage sludge on concentration of zinc (Zn), cupper (Cu), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in radish (Raphanus sativus) and and basil (Ocimum basilicum) vegetables. A pot experiment in greenhouse was conducted at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Faculty of Agriculture, in 2018. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three replications. Sewage sludge was consumed at five levels (0, 10, 20, 40, 80 t ha-1) during plant growth. Available form of heavy metals in soil samples was extracted by DTPA 0.005 M solution. total concentration of heavy metals in sewage sludge and soil measured by Aqua regia method and concentration of plant metals measured by dry digestion method.
Result: The results indicated that the use of the sewage sludge in different treatments levels had significant impact (p < 0.05) on the concentration on of these heavy metals in the two plants studied. increase of sewage sludge enhanced metals concentration in shoot and root rather than control plant. particularly for Zn, in root and shoot in both plants. Increase in concentration metals in the two plants were followed Zn> Cu> Pb> Cd in both roots and shoots, The metals uptake in radish was drastically higher than basil. the value of all the metals at 10 t sludge per ha were lower than permissible concentration and at 80 t per ha were higher than permissible concentratoin for all of them.
Conclusion: in general, application of different levels of sewage sludge in soil caused changes in soil chemical properties including decrease of soil pH, increase of electrical conductivity, and soil organic carbon. Also, in the treatment of last level of sewage sludge, two plants were toxic and in the lowest level of treatment of sewge sludge, no toxicity and damage were observed in the plants. However, continuously application of the sludge at 10 t per ha did not plluted the plants, should be recommended cautiously As the results of the study indicate, application of the lowest level of sewage sludge should also be performed with constant precision and monitoring.

Keywords

References

1.Alloway, B.J., and Jackson, A.P. 1991. The behaviour of heavy metals in sewage sludge-amended soils. Science of the Total Environment. 100: 151-176.
2.Appenroth, K.J. 2010. Definition of “Heavy Metals” and Their Role in Biological Systems. Part of the Soil Biology book series. 19: 19-29.
3.Bolan, N.S., and Duraisamy, V.P. 2003. Role of inorganic and organic soil amendments on immobilisation and phytoavailability of heavy metals: A review involving specific case studies. Australian Journal of Soil Research.
41: 533-555.
4.Bose, S.V., Rai, A., Bhattacharya, K.,and Ramanathan, A.L. 2007. Translocation of metals in pea plants grown on various amendment of electroplating industrial sludge. Bioresour Technology. 99: 4467-4475.
5.Bouyoucos, C.J. 1962. Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analysis of soil. Agronomy Journal.
54: 464-465.
6.Bremner, J.M., and Mulvaney, C.S.1982. Nitrogen-total, Methods of Soil Analysis. American Society of Agronomy. Book Series: Agronomy Monographs. 31: 595-624.
7.Chapman, H.D. 1965. Cation exchange capacity. In: C.A. Black C.A. (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin. pp. 891-901.
8.Chuanhui, Gu., Yanchao, B., Tianyun, T., Guohua, C., and Yuhua, S. 2013. Effect of Sewage Sludge Amendment on Heavy Metal Uptake and Yield of Ryegrass Seedling in a Mudfl at Soil. Journal of Environmental Quality. 42: 421-428.
9.Codex alimentarius Commission. 2007. Joint FAO/WHO food standards programme: Geneva, WHO.
10.Deniz Dolgen, M., Necdet, A., and Nafiz, D. 2007. Agricultural recycling of treatment-plant sludge:A case study
for a vegetable-processing factory.Journal of Environmental Management. 84: 74-281.
11.Hang, Z., Wen, T., and Zin, Z. 2016. Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Vegetable Species Planted in Contaminated Soils and the Health Risk Assessment. International Journal Environmental Research and Public Health. 13: 289-295.
12.Hira, A., Basir, A., Taj Muhammad, J., Muhammad Sadiq, A., and Farah, A. 2018. Accumulation and distribution of lead (Pb) in plant tissues of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) and sesame (Sesamum indicum L.): profitable phytoremediation with biofuel crops. Geology, Ecology, and landscapes. 2: 51-60.
13.Jones, J.B. 2001. Laboratory Guide for Conduction Soil Tests and Plant Analysis. CRC Press. 384p.
14.Kumar, V., and Chopra, A.K. 2016. Agronomical Performance of High Yielding Cultivar of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) Grown in Sewage Sludge Amended Soil. Research in Agriculture, 1: 1-24.
15.Larry, D. King, and Morris, H.D. 1972. Land Disposal of Liquid Sewage Sludge: II. The Effect on Soil pH, Manganese, Zinc, and Growth and Chemical Composition of Rye (Secale cereale L.) 1. Environ. Quality, 1: 425-429.
16.Latare, A.M., Kumar, O., Singh, S.K., and Gupta, A. 2014. Direct and residual effect of sewage sludge on yield, heavy metals content and soil fertility under rice–wheat system. Ecological Engineering. 69: 17-24.
17.Loeppert, R.H., and Sparks, D.L.1996. Carbonate and gypsum.: D.L.Sparks, D.L. (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3 chemical methods. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin. pp. 437-474.
18.Loic, L., Sophie, R., and Pierri, A. 1997. Behaviour of metals following intensive pig slurry applications to a natural field treatment process in Brittany (France). Environmental Pollution. 2: 119-130.
19.McBride, M.B. 2003.Toxic metals in sewage sludge-amended soils: has promotion of beneficial use discounted the risks?. Advances in Environmental Research. 8: 5-19.
20.Michael, L., Berrow, and Winnie, M. Stein. 1983. Extraction of Metals from Soils and Sewage Sludges by Refluxing with Aqua Regia. Analyst. 108: 277-285.
21.Navas, A., Bermu dez, F., and Mach ın, J. 1998. Influence of sewage sludge application on physical and chemical properties of Gypsisols. Geoderma.87: 123-135.
22.Olsen, S.R., and Sommers, L.E. 1982. Phosphorus. In: Klute, A. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1 chemical and biological properties. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin. pp. 4013-430.
23.Pascual, I.M., Antolín, C., García, C., Polo, A., and Sánchez-Díaz, M.2004. Biology and Fertility of Soils.40: 291-299.
24.Ramos, I., Elvira, E., Juan, L., and Agustin, G. 2002. Cadmium uptake and subcellular distribution in plants of Lactuca sp. Cd. /Mn interaction. Plant Science. 162: 761-767.
25.Romkens, P.F., Bouwmana, L., and Boonb, G.T. 1999. Effect of plant growth on copper solubility and speciation in soil solution samples. Environmental Pollution. 106: 315-321.
26.Rowell, D.L. 1994. soil science methods and Application, part 7. mesurement of the composition of soil solution. Holocene book review. pp. 501-503.
27.Singh, R.P., and Agrawal, M. 2010. Variations in heavy metal accumulation, growth and yield of rice plants grown at different sewage sludge amendment rates. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 73: 632-641.
28.Singh, R.P., and Agrawal, M. 2007. Effects of sewage sludge amendment on heavy metal accumulation and consequent responses of Beta vulgaris plants. Chemosphere. 67: 2229-2240.
29.Smith, S.R. 1992. Sewage sludge and refuse compost as peat alternatives for conditioning impoverished soils. Journal of Horticultural Science. 67: 2. 703-716.30.Steve, P., Grath., M., Amar, M., and Ken, E. 1995. Long-term effects of metals in sewage sludge on soils, microorganisms and plants. Journal of Industrial Microbiology. 14: 94-104.
31.Toolabi1, Z., Rahimi, Gh., and Marofi, S. 2013. Accumulation of heavy metals in root and aerial part of radish (Raphanus Sativus) grown in amended soils with sewage sludge. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation. 21: 2.(In Persian)
32.USEPA. 2019. Land application of sewage sludge. A guide for land applies on the requirement of the Federal standards for the use or disposal of sewage sludge, 40 CFR 503. Washington, DC:EPA.
33.Walkley, A., and Black, I.A. 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science.37: 29-38.
34.Wang, X., Chen, T., Ge, Y., and Jia, Y. 2008. Studies on land application of sewage sludge and its limiting factors. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 160: 554-555. 
35.Wong, J.W.C., and Wong, M.H. 2000. The growth of Brassica chinensis in heavy-metal-contaminated sewage sludge compost from Hong Kong. Journal of Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environmental. 81: 209-216. 
Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Volume 10, Issue 3
December 2021
Pages 115-134

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics