The effect of different levels of silicon sources and irrigation regimes on photosynthetic parameters of rice (Tarom Hashemi cultivar)

Document Type : Complete scientific research article

Authors

1 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agronomy, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran.

2 Department of soil sciences, Faculty of crop sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari,, Iran

3 Department of basic sciences, Sari agricultural sciences and natural resources university, Sari, Iran.

Abstract

Background and adjectives: Photosynthetic parameters are the most sensitive process in the physiological metabolism of plants that are affected by irrigation regime and silicon fertilization. Thus, silicon is one of the effective elements in increasing the net rate of leaf photosynthesis, water use efficiency, stomatal conductance and intercellular carbon dioxide. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of different levels of silicon sources and irrigation regimes on rice.
Materials and methods: A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of silicon sources and irrigation regimes on rice photosynthetic parameters at Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University in 2018. The experiment was laid out in a split-factorial design with three replications. In this design, soil texture was considered as the main-plot factor, and irrigation regime and different levels of silicon sources as factorial-subplot factors. Factors included two Si doses of 60 and 120 mg Si Kg–1 as potassium silicate (Ps), sodium silicate (Ss), calcium silicate (Cs) and biochar (Bi) sources under two irrigation regimes (continuous flooding (W1) and periodic wetting-drying (W2)) in two soil series with different textures (Sandy-loam (S1) and Silty-clay (S2)). After plant growth, dry matter weight of straw and photosynthetic parameters such as relative leaf moisture content, transpiration intensity, stomata conductance, chlorophyll index and photosynthesis were measured in flag leaf at the flowering stage of rice.
Results: The results showed that the highest leaf relative moisture content (63.80%), transpiration intensity (12.03 mmolm-2s-1), stomata conductance (384.79 mmolm-2s-1), chlorophyll content (55.00), photosynthesis rate (24.33 µmolm-2s-1) and dry matter weight of straw (33.3 gr/pot) were observed in plants treated with potassium silicate at a concentration of 120 mg Si Kg–1 of silty-clay soil under continuous flooding irrigation regime. The lowest dry matter weight of straw and photosynthetic parameters were observed in sandy-loam soil under periodic wetting-drying irrigation regime without using silicon fertilizer. Also, in sandy-loam soil, the leaf relative moisture content (58.95%), transpiration intensity (11.20 mmolm-2s-1), stomata conductance (340.32 mmolm-2s-1), chlorophyll content (51.80), photosynthesis rate (19.55 µmolm-2s-1) and dry matter weight of straw (18.6 gr/pot) was the highest in biochar treatment at a concentration of 120 mg Si Kg–1 under continuous flooding conditions. Also, a decrease in dry matter weight of straw and photosynthetic parameters was observed at the higher Si rates (120 mg Si Kg–1 compared to 60 mg Si Kg–1) in treatments of potassium silicate and sodium silicate in sandy-loam soil under periodic wetting-drying irrigation regime. This may be due to the inhibitory effect of high concentrations of silicon on photosynthetic function.
Conclusion: Although most of the photosynthetic parameters of plants and dry matter weight of starw in periodic wetting and drying irrigation regime were somewhat reduced compared to continuous flooding irrigation regime, application of different sources of silicon to both soil textures under both irrigation regimes improved relative leaf moisture content, transpiration rate, stomata conductance, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate and dry matter weight of straw were compared to treatments without silicon fertilizer application. This reflects the protective effect of silicon against low irrigation conditions. Therefore, in the scope of this experiment, it seems that the use of silicon to improve the photosynthetic parameters of rice plant and dry matter weight of straw under low-irrigation regime was satisfactory. But, the amount of use of this element is very important to maintain the balance of soil and plant properties.

Keywords


1.Abbasi, M., Najafi, N., Aliasgharzad, N., and Oustan, Sh. 2012. Effects of soil water conditions, sewage sludge, poultry manure and chemical fertilizers on the growth characteristics and water use efficiency of rice rlant in a calcareous soil. Tabriz, Journal of Soil and Water Knowledge. 23: 1. 190-208. (In Persian)
2.Anjum, S.A., Xie, X.Y., Wang, L.C., Saleem, M.F., Man, C., and Lei, W.2011. Morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of plants to drought stress. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 6: 9. 2026-2032.
3.Araya, A., Prasad, P.V.V., Gowda, P.H., Kisekka, I., and Foster, A.J. 2019. Yield and water productivity of winter wheat under various irrigation capacities. Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 55: 5. 24-37.
4.Asmar, S.A., Castro, E.M., Pasqual, M., Pereira, F.J., and Soares, J.D.R. 2013. Changes in leaf anatomy and photosynthesis of micro propagated banana plantlets under different silicon sources. Scientia Horticulturae. 161: 328-332.
5.Avila, L.A., Martini, L.F.D., Mezzomo, R.F., Refatti, J.P., Campos, R., Cezimbra, D.M., Machado, S.L.O., Massey, J.H., Carlesso, R., and Marchesan, E. 2015. Rice water use efficiency and yield under continuous and intermittent irrigation. Agronomy Journal. 107: 2. 442-448.
6.Barbosa, M.P., Snyder, G.H., Elliott, C.L., and Datnoff, L.E. 2001.Evaluation of soil test procedures for determiningrice-available silicon. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 32: 11. 1779-1792.
7.Barnes, R.B., Richardson, D., Berry, J.W., and Hood, R.L. 1945. Flame photometry a rapid analytical procedure. Industrial and engineering. 17: 10. 605-611.
8.Bigham, J.M. 1996. Chemical Methods.P 49-64. In: D.L. Sparks, A.L. Page, P.A. Helmke, R.H. Loeppert, P.N. Soltanpour, M.A. Tabatabai, C.T. Johnston and M.E. Sumner (eds), Method of soil analysis, The Soil Science Society of America, USA.
9.Blanco, I.A., Rajaram, S., Kronstad, W.E., and Reynolds, M.O. 2000. Physiological performance of synthetice hexaploid wheat-derived populations. Crop Science. 40: 5. 1257-1263.
10.Bremner, J.M., and Edwards, A.P. 1965. Determination and isotope-ratio analysis of different forms of nitrogen in soils:
I. Apparatus and procedure for distillation and determination of ammonium. Soil Science Society of America. 29: 504-507.
11.Carrijo, D.R., Lundy, M.E., and Linquist, B.A. 2016. Rice yields and water use under alternate wetting and drying irrigation: A meta-analysis. Field Crops Research. 203: 173-180.
12.Chen, W., Yao, X., Cai, K., and Chen, J. 2011. Silicon alleviates drought stress of rice plants by improving plant water status, photosynthesis and mineral nutrient absorption. Biological Trace Element Research. 142: 1. 67-76.
13.Crooks, R., and Prentice, P. 2017. Extensive investigation into field based responses to a silica fertilizer. Silicon.
9: 2. 301–304.
14.Cuong, T.X., Ullah, H., Datta, A.,and Hanh, T.C. 2017. Effects of silicon-based fertilizer on growth,yield and nutrient uptake of rice in tropical zone of Vietnam. Rice Science. 24: 5. 283-290.
15.Elkelish, A.A., Alnusaire, T.S., Soliman, M.H., Gowayed, S., Senousy, H.H., and Fahad, S. 2019. Calcium availability regulates antioxidant system, physio-biochemical activities and alleviates salinity stress mediated oxidative damage in soybean seedlings. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality. 92: 258-266.
16.Epstein, E. 1999. The anomaly of silicon in plant biology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.91: 1. 11-17.
17.Faleh, A. 2020. The effect of granular silicate fertilizers on vegetative growth and rice yield. Paddy Extension Magazine. 1: 2. 22-26.
18.Fallah, A. 2011. Investigation of the application of silicate fertilizer on the prevalence of pests and important diseases of rice. National Rice Research Institute Press, 33p. (In Persian)
19.Farazi, M., Rezaei, J., Nezami, A., Nasiri Mahalati, M., and Goldani, M. 2018. Investigating the effect of silicon and potassium foliar spraying and additional soil application of potassium on quantitative and qualitative yield of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) under moisture stress conditions. Journal of Applied Agricultural Research. 31: 3. 1-19.
20.Flexas, J., Barbour, M.M., Brendel, O., Cabrera, H.M., Carriquí, M., Díaz-Espejo, A., Douthec, C., Dreyerc, E., Ferrio, J.P., and Gagoa, J. 2012. Mesophyll diffusion conductance to CO2: An unappreciated central player in photosynthesis. Plant Science.193: 3. 70-84.
21.Gerami, M., Fallah, A., and Moghadam, M.R.K. 2012. Study of potassium and sodium silicate on the morphological and chlorophyll content on the rice plant in pot experiment (Oryza sativa L.). International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. 4: 10. 658-661.
22.Gilani, A., and Absalan, Sh. 2004. The effect of surface irrigation regimes on yield and growth indices of three rice cultivars in Khuzestan province. Final report of the research project, National Rice Research Institute. (In Persian)
23.González, M.E., Cea, M., Medina, J., González, A., Diez, M.C., Cartes, P., Monreal, C., and Navia, R. 2015. Evaluation of biodegradable polymers as encapsulating agents for the development of a urea controlled-release fertilizer using biochar as support material. Science of the Total Environment. 505: 1. 446-453.
24.Habibi, G. 2014. Silicon supplementation improves drought tolerance in canola plants. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 61: 784-791.
25.Haghighi, M., and Muzaffarian, M. 2014. Investigation of vegetative, morphological and photosynthetic changes of tomatoes due to silicon and nanosilicon added to the nutrient solution. Isfahan, Science and Technology of Greenhouse Cultivation. 5: 19. 37-47. (In Persian)
26.Halim, N.S.A., Abdullah, R., Karsani, S.A., Osman, N., Panhwar, Q.A.,and Ishak, C.F. 2018. Influence of soil amendments on the growth and yield of rice in acidic soil. Agronomy.8: 9. 165-175.
27.Haynes, R.J., Belyaeva, O.N., and Kingston, G. 2013. Evaluation of industrial wastes as sources of fertilizer Si using chemical extractions and plant uptake. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 176: 2. 238-248.
28.Hirayama, M., Wada, Y., and Nemoto, H. 2006. Estimation of drought tolerance based on leaf temperature in upland rice breeding. Breeding Science. 56: 1. 47-54.
29.Islam, M., Latif, A.S., Islam, M., Hossain, B., Nessa, T., Ansari, M., and Ali, J. 2015. Rice vision for Bangladesh: 2050 and beyond. Bangladesh Rice Journal. 19: 2. 1-18.
30.Jackson, M.L. 1973. Soil chemical analysis. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, India. 498p.31.Kato, Y., and Katsura, K. 2014. Rice adaptation to aerobic soils: physiological considerations and implications for agronomy. Plant Production Science.17: 1. 1-12.
32.Khajeh, M., Sirousmehr, A., Yadalahi Dehcheshmeh, P., and Amiri, A. 2015. The effect of water stress and silicon foliar application on yield and photosynthetic pigments of wheat in Sistan region. Ahvaz, Journal of Crop Physiology. 7: 26. 5-19. (In Persian)
33.Khayyat, M., Tafazoli, E., Eshghi, S., Rahemi, M., and Rajaee, S. 2007. Salinity, supplementary calcium and potassium effects on fruit yield and quality of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.). Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science. 2: 5. 539-544.
34.Khosravi Mashizi, M., and Sarcheshmehpour, M. 2015. The effect of calcium and potassium foliar application on plant growth, yield and post-harvest characteristics of two cantaloupe cultivars (L. Cucumismelo). Isfahan, Journal of Production and Processing of Crops and Horticultural Products. 5: 17. 295-310. (In Persian)
35.Kilmer, V.J., and Alexander, L.T. 1949. Methods of making mechanical analyses of soils. Soil Science. 68: 1. 15-24.
36.Korndörfer, G.H., Snyder, G.H., Ulloa, G.H., Powell, M., and Datnoff, L.E. 2001. Calibration of soil and plant silicon analysis for rice production. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 24: 7. 1071-1084.
37.Lee, Y., Park, J., Ryu, C., Gang, K.S., Yang, W., Park, Y.K., Jung, J., and Hyun, S. 2013. Comparison of biochar properties from biomass residues produced by slow pyrolysis at 500°C. Bioresource Technology. 148: 196-201.
38.Liesche, J. 2015. How regulation of phloem transport could link potassium fertilization to increased growth. Tree Physiology. 36: 1. 1-5.
39.Limouchi, K., Fateminick, F., Siyadat, A., Yarnia, M., Guilani, A., and Rashidi, V. 2018. Effect of different irrigation regimes on the vegetative and reproductive traits of aerobic rice genotypes in the north of Khuzestan. Isfahan, Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 8: 3. 63-78. (In Persian)
40.Lindsay, W.L., and Norvell, W.A. 1978. Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Journal of Soil Science Society American. 42: 421-428.
41.Ma, Q., Wang, W., Li, Y.H., Li, D.Q., and Zou, Q. 2006. Alleviation of photoinhibition in drought stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum) by foliar applied glycinbetaine. Journal of Plant Physiology. 163: 2. 165-175.
42.Maghsoudi, K., Emami, Y., and Ashraf, M. 2015. Influence of foliar application of silicon on chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments, and growth in water-stressed wheat cultivars differing in drought tolerance. Turkish Journal of Botany. 39: 4. 625-634.
43.Meena, V.D., Dotaniya, M.L., Coumar, V., Rajendiran, S., Kundu, S., and Subba Rao, A. 2014. A case for silicon fertilization to improve crop yields in tropical soils. Biological Sciences.84: 3. 505-518.
44.Mirlouhi, A.F., Ehtemam, M.H., and Sabzalian, M. 2004. Investigating the factors of better appearance of rice in flooded conditions using Iranian cultivars. Isfahan, Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology and Natural Resources. 8: 2. 121-133. (In Persian)
45.Moez ardalan, M., and Savabeghi Firozabadi, G. 1997. Nutrition of fruit trees. Institution of Jahad Press, 259p. (In Persian) 46.Nelson, D.W., and Sommers, L.E. 1996. Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. P 303-450. In: A.L. Page (eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Madison, Wisconsin.
47.Olsen, S.R., Cole, C.V., Watanabe, F.S., and Dean, L.A. 1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. Department of Agriculture, Washington. 19p.
48.Parthasarathi, T., and Vanitha, P. 2012. Lakshamanakumar and D. Kalaiyarasi. Aerobic rice-mitigating water stress for the future climate change. International journal of Agronomy and Plant Production. 3: 7. 241-254.
49.Pirasteh‐Anosheh, H., Saed‐Moucheshi, A., Pakniyat, H., and Pessarakli, M. 2016. Stomatal responses to drought stress. P 24-40. In: P. Ahmad (ed.), Water Stress and Crop Plants: A Sustainable Approach, Wiley Online Library, USA.
50.Prakongkep, N., Gilkes, R.J., Wiriyakitnateekul, W., Duangchan, A., and Darunsontaya, T. 2013. The effects of pyrolysis conditions on the chemical and physical properties of rice husk Biochar. International Journal of Material Science. 3: 3. 97-103.
51.Rezaei, M., and Nahvi, M. 2007. Investigation of the effect of irrigation cycle in clay soils on water use efficiency and some traits of two local rice cultivars in Guilan province. Guilan, Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 9: 16-24. (In Persian)
52.Rhoades, J.D. 1996. Salinity: Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids.P 417-435. In: D.L. Sparks (eds.), Methods of soil analysis, Soil Science Society of America, USA.
53.Saadatian, B., Kafi, M., Banayan, M., and Nabati, J. 2016. Evaluation of the effect of foliar application of nanoparticles and sodium microsilicate on the photosynthetic properties of potato seedling leaves in the stolonization stage. Isfahan, Journal of Greenhouse Crop Science and Technology. 7: 27. 111-122. (In Persian)
54.Sadeghipour, O. 2017. Effect of calcium application on physiological characteristics and yield of soybean in lead-contaminated soil. Ahvaz, Journal of Crop Physiology. 9: 35. 89-104.(In Persian)
55.Saleh, J., Najafi, N., Oustan, Sh., Ghasemi-Golezani, K., and Aliasghrzad, N. 2019. Silicon affects rice growth, superoxide dismutase activity and concentrations of chlorophyll and proline under different levels and sources of soil salinity. Silicon.
11: 2659-2667.
56.Sharma, A., Kumar, V., Shahzad, B., Ramakrishnan, M., Sidhu, G.P.S., Bali, A.S., Handa, N., Kapoor, D., Yadav, P., Khanna, K., Bakshi, P., Rehman, A., Kohli, S.K., Khan, E.A., Parihar, R.D., Yuan, H., Thukral, A.K., Bhardwaj, R and Zheng, B. 2019. Photosynthetic Response of Plants under Different Abiotic Stresses: A Review. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 39: 509-531.
57.Shen, X., Zhou, Y., Duan, L., Li,Z., Eneji, A.E., and Li, J. 2010.Silicon effects on photosynthesis and antioxidant parameters of soybean seedlings under drought and ultraviolet-B radiation. Journal of Plant Physiology. 167: 15. 1248-1252.
58.Sissoko, A., and K. Kpomblekou-A. 2010. Carbon decomposition in broiler litter-amended soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 42: 4. 543–550.
59.Sonobe, K., Hattori, T., An, P., Tsuji, W., Eneji, E., and Kobayashi, S. 2011. Effect of silicon application on sorghum root responses to weater stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 34: 1. 71-82.
60.Taghizadeh, M., Isfahani, M., Davatgar, N., and Madani, H. 2008. The effect of irrigation cycle and different amounts of nitrogen on yield and yield components of Tarom Hashemi rice in Rasht. Arak, New Agricultural Findings. 2: 4. 353-364. (In Persian)
61.Walkley, A.J., and Black, I.A. 1934. Estimation of soil organic carbon by the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science. 37: 4. 29-38.
62.Wang, X.B., Zheng, G.P., and Zhao, H.Y. 2008. Effect of rational ratio of silicon, potassium and magnesium fertilizers on photosynthetic characters and yield of rice. Journal of Heilongjiang August First Land Reclamation University. 20: 4. 19-22.
63.Yava, I., and Unay, Y. 2017. The role of silicon under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Turkish Journal Agricukture Research. 4: 2. 204-209.
64.Yoshida, S., Ohinishi, Y., and Kitagishi, K. 1962. Chemical forms, mobility and deposition of silicon in the rice
plant. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 8: 15-21.
65.Zhang, X.L., Liang, J.N., and Tan, Z.W. 2007. Effects of silicate on some photosynthetic characteristics of sugarcane leaves. Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University. 26: 3. 330-334.
66.Zhu, Y., Xu, X., Hu, Y., Han, W., Yin, J., and Li, H. 2015. Silicon improves salt tolerance by increasing root water uptake in Cucumis sativus L. Plant Cell Reports. 34: 9. 1629-1646.
67.Zuccarini, P. 2008. Eeffect of silicon on photosynthesis water relation and nutrition uptake of phseolus vulgaris under NaCl stress. Biologia Plantarum. 52: 1. 157-160.