Effects of the use of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) on some soil attributes

Document Type : Complete scientific research article

Authors

1 Master's student, Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran.

2 Professor, Soil Science and Engineering Department, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran.

3 Laboratory expert of soil science and engineering department, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) as an anionic surfactant may be added to soil by the use of wastewater, sewage sludge and pesticides and affects its physical, chemical and biological properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impacts of SDBS on some chemical and physical attributes of a loam-textured soil.
Materials and Methods: In this study, the effect of SDBS as a between-subject factor at four levels (0, 0.01, 0.05 and 0.25 %) and the effect of time as a within-subject variable at eleven levels (0.25, 2, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 49, 63, 77 and 91 days) on soil pH, EC, available Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu, dissolved organic matter index and organic carbon were investigated in a repeated measures design with three replications. The effects of SDBS application on SAR, available sulfate, saturation percentage, bulk density and aggregate stability index were assessed in a completely randomized design after 95 days with three replications. For this purpose, 15 kg of the soil was placed in each of 12 polyethylene containers. Then, SDBS solutions at the aforementioned levels were sprayed on the soils, and the soils were incubated at room temperature for 95 days. The interior of the container was separated into two parts by a perforated wall to take undisturbed and disturbed soil samples for physical and chemical soil attributes, respectively. Finally, the properties of the sampled soils were determined at the above time points.
Results:The pH and EC values decreased and increased over the incubation period, respectively.The pH of the soil at the 0.25% SDBS level was first lower and then higher than that of control.The final soil EC values at the 0.01%, 0.05% and 0.25% SDBS levels (543.3, 693.7 and 786 µS cm-1) were higher than control (513.3 µS cm-1).The concentration of available Fe at the 0, 0.01, 0.05 and 0.25% SDBS levels within the first 6 hours of incubation period (3.51, 3.88, 4.02 and 4.56 mg kg-1) decreased to a nearly constant concentration after 63 days (2.19 mg kg-1).From now on, an increase was observed only for 0.01 and 0.05 SDBS levels.The concentration of available Mn also decreased with time.However, the direct relationship between the available concentration of this metal cation and the SDBS level was observed only at the first week of incubation period and after that the changes were irregular.In contrast, such a direct relationship for Zn was absent at the beginning of the experiment but observed at the last month of the incubation period.The first decreasing and then increasing trend in available metal concentration was also observed for Cu but the interaction between the SDBS level and time was not significant.The available concentration of all four cationic metals increased with increasing the level of added SDBS and the observed order was Zn< Fe< Mn ≈ Cu, on average.Dissolved organic matter index showed the soil concentration changes of SDBS more regular than soil organic carbon.Furthermore, soil available sulfate and SAR significantly increased with increasing the SDBS added level.Among the soil physical attributes, only aggregate stability significantly decreased at the 0.25% SDBS level.
Conclusion: In general, results showed that the effect of SDBS addition on the temporal changes of soil available Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu was different for each metals. Therefore, changes in available forms of metal ions in the soils after addition of greywater may be not only due to their presence in greywater, but surfactant alone can be responsible for these changes. The soil EC and SAR significantly increased with increasing the SDBS level. However, aggregate stability decreased significantly only at the highest level of SDBS.

Keywords

Main Subjects


 1.Jensen, J. (1999). Fate and effects of linear alkylbenzene sulphonates (SDBS) in the terrestrial environment. Science of the Total Environment. 226, 93-111. doi.org/ 10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00395-7.
2.Oliver-Rodríguez, B., Zafra-Gómez, A., Reis, M. S., Duarte, B. P. M., Verge, C., de Ferrer, J. A., Pérez-Pascual, M., & Vílchez, J. L. (2015). Evaluation of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) behaviour in agricultural soil through laboratory continuous studies. Chemosphere. 131, 1-8. doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.02.037.
 
3.Mohamed, R. M., Al-Gheethi A. A., Noramira, J., Chan, C. M., Amir Hashim M. K., & Sabariah, M. (2018). Effect of detergents from laundry greywater on soil properties: A preliminary study. Applied Water Science. 8, 16. doi.org/ 10.1007/ s13201-018-0664-3.
4.Ahmed, F., Ishiguro, M., & Akae, T. (2012). Influence of organic matter on the adsorption of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate on volcanic ash soil. Journal
of Soil Science and Environmental Management
. 3, 23-27. doi.org/10.5897/ JSSEM11.114.
 
5.Wadaan, M., & Mubarak, M. (2009). Blood chemistry changes as an evidence of the toxic effects of anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate. Asian Journal of Scientific Research. 2, 113-118. doi.org/ 10.3923/ajsr.2009.113.118.
6.Dai, S., Liu, G., Qian, Y., & Cheng, X. (2001). The sorption behavior of complex pollution system composed of aldicarb and surfactant-SDBS. Water Research. 35, 2286-2290. doi.org/ 10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00491-7.
7.Zhang, Y., Bo-Han, L., Qing-Ru, Z., Min, Z., & Ming, L. (2008). Surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulfonate effect on soil Cd fractions and Cd distribution in soybean plants in a pot experiment. Pedosphere. 18, 242-247. doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(08)60013-2.
8.Pinto, U., Maheshwari, B. L., & Grewal, H. (2010). Effects of greywater irrigation on plant growth, water use and soil properties. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 54, 429-435. doi.org/10.1016/ j.resconrec.2009.09.007.
9.Gross, A., Wiel-Shafran, A., Bondarenko, N., & Ronen, Z. (2008). Reliability of small scale greywater treatment systems and the impact of its effluent on soil properties. International Journal of Environmental Studies. 65, 41-50. doi.org/10.1080/00207230701832762.
10.Misra, R. K., & Sivongxay, A. (2009). Reuse of laundry greywater as affected by its interaction with saturated soil. Journal of Hydrology. 366, 55-61. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.12.010.
11.Reichman, S. M., & Wightwick, A. M. (2013). Impacts of standard and ‘low environmental impact’ greywater irrigation on soil and plant nutrients and ecology. Applied Soil Ecology. 72, 195-202.
12.Rodda, N., Salukazana, L., Jackson,
S. A. F., & Smith, M. T. (2011). Use of domestic greywater for small-scale irrigation of food crops: Effects on plants and soil. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. 36, 1051-1062. doi.org/ 10.1016/j.pce.2011.08.002.
13.de Wolf, W., & Feijtel, T. (1998). Terrestrial risk assessment for linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) in sludge-amended soils. Chemosphere.
36, 1319-1343. doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(97)10021-2.
14.Gee, G. W., & Bauder, J. W. (1986). Particle-size analysis. P. 383-412. In: A. Klute (Ed.). Methods of soil analysis. Part 1. SSSA, Madison, WI, USA.
15.Kirkham, M. B. (2014). Principles of soil and plant water relations. 2nd edition. Academic Press. 598 p.
16.Chapman, H. D. (1965). Cation exchange capacity. P. 891-901. In: C.A. Black (Ed.) Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. SSSA, Madison, WI, USA.
17.Rhoades, J. D. (1996). Salinity: electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. P. 417-435. In: D.L. Sparks et al. (Eds). Methods of soil analysis. Part 3. SSSA, Madison, WI, UAS.
18.Thomas, G. W. (1996). Soil pH and soil acidity. P. 475-490. In: D.L. Sparks et al. (Eds). Methods of soil analysis. Part 3. SSSA, Madison, WI, USA.
19.Nelson, D. W., & Sommers, L. E. (1996). Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. P. 961-1010. In: D.L. Sparks et al. (Eds). Methods of soil analysis. Part 3. SSSA, Madison, WI, USA. 
20.Allison, L. E., & Moodie, C. D. (1965). Carbonates. P. 1379-1396, In: C.A. Black (Ed.). Method of soil analaysis. Part 3. SSSA, Madison, WI, USA.
21.Lindsay, W. L., & Norvell, W. A. (1978). Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 42, 421-428 .doi.org/ 10.2136/ sssaj1978.03615995004200030009x.
22.Deflandre, B., & Gagné, J. P. (2001). Estimation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in nanoliter samples using UV spectroscopy. Water Research. 35, 3057-3062. doi.org/ 10. 1016/S0043-1354(01)00024-0.
23.Richards, L. A. (1954). Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. United States Salinity Laboratory Staff. Scientific Publishers. 160 p.
24.Schulte, E., & Eik, K. (1988). Recommended sulfate-sulfur test. P. 17-20. In: W. C. Dahnke (Ed.). Recommended chemical soil test procedures for north central region. North Dakota Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin.
25.Blake, G. R., & Hartge, K. H. (1986). Bulk density. P. 363-382, In: A. Klute (Ed.). Methods of soil analysis. Part 1. SSSA, Madison, WI, USA. 
26.Kemper, W., & Rosenau, R. (1986). Aggregate stability and size distribution. P. 425–442. In: A. Klute (Ed.). Methods of soil analysis. Part 1. SSSA, Madison, WI, USA.
27.Adeli, A., Sistani, K. R., Bal’a, M. F., & Rowe, D. E. (2005). Phosphorus dynamics in broiler litter-amended soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 36, 1099-1115. doi.org/ 10.1081/CSS-200056876.
28.Barrow, N. J., & Hartemink, A. E. (2023). The effects of pH on nutrient availability depend on both soils and plants. Plant and Soil. 487, 21-37. doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-05960-5.
29.Haynes, R. J., & Swift, R. S. (1989). Effect of rewetting air-dried soils on pH and accumulation of mineral nitrogen. Journal of Soil Science. 40, 341-347. doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389. 1989. tb0 1278.x.
30.Wong, M., & Swift, R. S. (2003). Role of organic matter in alleviating soil acidity. P. 337-358. In: Z. Rengel (Ed.). Handbook of soil acidity. Books in soils, plants and the environment. Marcel Dekker, New York.
31.Sawadogo, B., Sou, M., Hijikata, N., Sangare, D., Maiga, A. H., & Funamizu, N. (2014). Effect of detergents from greywater on irrigated plants: Case of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and Lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Journal of Arid Land. 24, 117-120.
32.Wiel-Shafran, A., Ronen, Z., Weisbrod, N., Adar, E., & Gross, A. (2006(. Potential changes in soil properties following irrigation with surfactant-rich greywater. Ecological Engineering. 26, 348-354.doi.org/ 10.1016/ j.ecoleng. 2005.12.008.
33.Barber, D. A. (1973). Effects of micro-organisms on the absorption of inorganic nutrients by plants. Pest Management Science. 4, 367-373. doi.org/10.1002/ ps.2780040314.
34.Garcia-Marco, S., & Gonzalez-Prieto, S. (2008). Short- and medium- term effects of fire and fire-fighting chemicals on soil micronutrient availability. Science of the Total Environment. 407, 297-303. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.08.021.
35.Tarkashvand, M. A., Kalbasi, M., & Shariatmadari, H. (2005). Effects of converter slag on some chemical characteristics of acid soils. Journal of Water & Soil Sciences. 8 (4), 47-62. dor: 20.1001.1.24763594.1383.8.4.5.2. [In Persian]
36.Motalebifard, R., Najafi, N., & Oustan, S. (2013). Effects of zinc sulphate and monocalcium phosphate fertilizers on extractable Zn and Fe under different soil moisture conditions. Iran Agricultural Research Journal. 32, 71-88. doi.org/ 10.22099/IAR.2014.2006.
37.Mao, X., Jiang, R., Xiao, W., & Yu, J. (2015). Use of surfactants for the remediation of contaminated soils: A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 285, 419-435. doi.org/10.1016/j. jhazmat. 2014.12.009.
38.Yang, Y., Ratte D., Smets, B. F., Pignatello, J. J., & Grasso, D. (2001). Mobilization of soil organic matter by complexing agents and implica-tions for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon desorption. Chemosphere. 43, 1013-1021. doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00498-7.
39.Hernández-Soriano, M. C., Degryse, F., & Smolders, E. (2008). Heavy metal availability in the presence of anionic surfactants. Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Science. 73, 157-161.
40.Yekeen, N., Manan, M. A., Idris, A. K., & Samin, A. M. (2017). Influence of surfactant and electrolyte concentrations on surfactant Adsorption and foaming characteristics. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. 149, 612-622. doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2016.11.018.
41.Singh, A., & Turner, A. 2009. Surfactant-induced mobilisation of trace metals
from estuarine sediment: Implications for contaminant bioaccessibility and remediation. Environmental Pollution. 157, 646-653. doi.org/10.1016/ j.envpol. 2008.08.012.
42.Manirakiza, E., Ziadi, N., Luce, M. St., Hamel, C., Antoun, H., & Karam, A. (2020). Changes in soil pH and nutrient extractability after co-applying biochar and paper mill biosolids. Canadian Journal of Soil Science. 102 (1), 27-38. doi.org/10.1139/CJSS-2019-0138.
43.Torres, L. G., Lopez, R. B., & Beltran, M. (2012). Removal of As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn from a highly contaminated industrial soil using surfactant enhanced soil washing. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. 37-39, 30-36. doi.org/10. 1016/j.pce.2011.02.003
44.Marx, M., Marschner, B., & Nelson, P. (2002). Short-term effects of incubated legume and grass materials on soil acidity and C and N mineralisation in a soil of north-east Australia. Australian Journal of Soil Research. 40, 1231-1241. doi.org/10.1071/SR01099.
45.Volkering, F., Breure, A., & Rulkens, W. (1997). Microbiological aspects of surfactant use for biological soil remediation. Biodegradation. 8, 401-417. doi.org/10.1023/a:1008291130109.
46.Ekmekyapar, F., & Çeltikli, D. O. (2014). Effects of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate on agricultural soil and its degradation. Fresenius Environmental Blletin. 23, 3188-3192.
47.Niyungeko, C., Liang, X., Liu, C., Zhou, J., Chen, L., Lu, Y., Tiimub, B. M., & Li, F. (2020). Effect of biogas slurry application on soil nutrients, phosphomonoesterase activities, and phosphorus species distribution. Journal of Soils and Sediments 20, 900-910. doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02435-y.
48.Vanguelova, E. I., Bonifacio, E., De Vos, B., Hoosbeek, M. R., Berger, T. W., Vesterdal, L., Armolaitis, K., Celi, L., Dinca, L., Kjønaas, O. J., Pavlenda, P., Pumpanen, J., Püttsepp, Ü., Reidy, B., Simončič, P., Tobin, B., & Zhiyanski, M. (2016). Sources of errors and uncertainties in the assessment of forest soil carbon stocks at different scales-review and recommendations. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 188, 630. doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5608-5.
49.Fytianos, K., Voudrias, E., & Papamichali, A. (1998). Behavior and fate of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in different soils. Chemosphere. 36, 2741-2746. doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(97)10233-8.
50.Litz, N., Doering, H. W., Thiele, M., & Blume, H. P. (1987).The behavior of linear alkylbenzenesulfonate in different soils: A comparison between field and laboratory studies. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 14, 103-116. doi.org/10.1016/0147-6513(87)90053-4.
51.Herrick, J., Whitford, W., De Soyza, A., Van Zee, J., Havstad, K., Seybold, C., & Walton, M. (2001). Field soil aggregate stability kit for soil quality and rangeland health evaluations. Catena. 44, 27-35. doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162 (00)00173-9.
52.Mbagwu, J. S. C., Piccolo, A., & Mbila, M. O. (1993). Impact of surfactants on aggregate and colloidal stability of
two tropical soils. Soil Technology. 6, 203-213. doi.org/10.1016/0933-3630 (93)90009-4.
53.Loch, R. J. (1994). A method for measuring aggregate water stability with relevance to surface seal development. Australian Journal of Soil Research,32, 687-700. doi.org/10.1071/SR9940687.
54.Miókovics, E., Széplábi, G., Makó, A., Hernádi, H., & Hermann, T. (2011). Effects of surfactants on the aggregate stability of soils. Hungarian Journal of Industry and Chemistry. 39, 127-131. doi.org/10.1515/396.