The effect of natural forest cover, afforestation and pasture on soil organic and mineral characteristics

Document Type : Complete scientific research article

Authors

1 Department of Rangeland, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University

2 PhD student, Rangeland Science Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Faculty of Natural Resources, Noor, Iran.

3 Assistant professor, Department of Wood and Paper Science and Technology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.

Abstract

Background and objectives: The increasing demands of a growing population have led to significant pressures on forest habitats, resulting in degradation and land use change. Land cover changes can profoundly impact soil dynamics, including physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. However, limited studies have focused on soil quality across different land uses. This research aims to investigate the effects of various land uses on the organic and mineral layers of soil in the Abbassabad region of Mazandaran province.

Materials and Methods: In this study, various soil characteristics were examined in different habitats, including natural mamrez-Anjili natural forest pure alder forestry, pure pellet forestry, mixed forestry, and pasture cover in the Abbas Abad region the of Mazandaran province. In order to investigate the effects of land covers on the different characteristics of the organic and mineral layers of the soil, after preliminary investigations and field visits, parts of the above-mentioned lands were selected which were continuous with each other and had minimal height differences. From the sea level, minimal change in percentage and direction of slope was observed in them. Then, three plots of one hectare (100 x 100) were selected in each of the habitats with distances of at least 600 meters. In each of the plots, 4 samples were taken from the organic layer (leaves or debris on the surface of the earth) and mineral soil (surface of 30 x 30 cm to a depth of 10 cm) and a total of 12 samples of the organic layer and 12 soil samples were taken to the laboratory for analysis. A part of the soil samples was passed through a 2 mm sieve after drying to perform physical and chemical tests, and the second part of the samples was used for biological tests until the time of the test at a temperature of 4 degrees centigrade. Grade was maintained. In general, standard soil methods were used to conduct physical, chemical and biological soil tests.

Results: The results demonstrate that elevated levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium positively influence soil fertility characteristics, as well as the physical and chemical properties of microbial and enzyme activity, soil worm populations, and soil organism populations in natural forests and mixed forestry. Conversely, pasture habitats, pure pellet forestry, and pure alder forestry, characterized by the production of organic matter with higher carbon content and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, result in reduced organic matter decomposition (indicated by thicker litter layers) and subsequently, diminished characteristics in the soil mineral layer. Additionally, natural forest cover shows higher levels of ammonium and nitrate compared to other land uses. Furthermore, the presence of plant residues, along with high nitrogen content and a low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, enhances the soil's efficacy in nitrogen transformation.

Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that natural forest cover plays a significant role in preserving soil quality. Therefore, the protection of natural forest cover should be prioritized. Moreover, in areas undergoing degradation, the implementation of tree covers with suitable combinations can be employed to restore natural ecosystems, enhance fertility, and facilitate the nutrient cycling of the soil.

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References

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Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production
Volume 14, Issue 4
March 2025
Pages 29-52

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