The effect of biochar modified with zero-valent zinc nanoparticles on the release of some heavy metals in a calcareous soil

Articles in Press

Document Type : Complete scientific research article

Authors

1 Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman

2 Professor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kerman

3 Associate Professor, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran

Abstract

Background and Objective: Nowadays, human activities and industrial production have led to heavy metal (HMs) contamination in soils. To remediate HMs-contaminated soils, biochar is considered an efficient and cost-effective adsorbent due to its high surface area, extensive porosity, alkaline pH, and abundant functional groups, which contribute to the stabilization and reduction of HM bioavailability in soil. Moreover, the modification of biochar with nanoparticles is essential, as it enhances the adsorption and immobilization capacity of heavy metals, thereby improving pollutant removal efficiency, particularly in contaminated soils. In this study, the release kinetics of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni) from contaminated soil in the presence of pistachio residue-derived biochar (BC) and biochar modified with zero-valent zinc nanoparticles (BC-nZVZ) were investigated.
Materials and Methods: Biochar derived from pistachio residue was produced at 500°C and subsequently loaded with zero-valent zinc nanoparticles (nZVZ). To confirm the successful loading of nZVZ onto the biochar surface, SEM-EDX, FTIR, and XRD analyses were performed. To evaluate the effect of the prepared adsorbents (BC and BC-nZVZ) on the release kinetics of heavy metals, treatments were applied at two levels (1% and 2% by weight) to calcareous soil contaminated with 100 mg/kg of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and copper (Cu). After 90 days, the release kinetics of these metals were assessed using EDTA as an extracting agent over time intervals ranging from 15 to 2880 minutes. The obtained data for the release of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Ni were analyzed using nonlinear kinetic models, including the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, parabolic diffusion, simplified Elovich, and power function equations.
Results: The findings revealed that the carbon content of the biochar was 64%. The results of SEM-EDX, FTIR, and XRD analyses confirmed the successful loading of zero-valent zinc nanoparticles (nZVZ) onto the biochar surface. The release pattern of all the studied heavy metals in the soil exhibited a biphasic behavior. Among the soils treated with the prepared adsorbents, those treated with 1% BC and 2% BC-nZVZ exhibited the least and greatest reductions in heavy metal release, respectively, compared to the control. Specifically, the release of Pb, Cu, Cd, and Ni in soil treated with 1% BC decreased by 21.68%, 18.28%, 15.2%, and 12.7%, respectively, while in soil treated with 2% BC-nZVZ, the reductions were 60%, 54.7%, 48%, and 40.9%, respectively, relative to the control. The results indicated that, in addition to the type of adsorbent, the adsorbent dosage also significantly influenced the release kinetics of heavy metals, with an increase in the adsorbent level from 1% to 2% leading to a significant reduction in metal release. The kinetic modeling results further demonstrated that both soil type and metal type played crucial roles in determining the optimal kinetic model. The pseudo-second-order, pseudo-first-order, and simplified Elovich models were identified as the most appropriate models for describing the release kinetics of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Ni.
Conclusion: After the addition of biochar (BC) and biochar modified with zero-valent zinc nanoparticles (BC-nZVZ), the release of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni) was significantly reduced compared to the control treatment. Furthermore, the release of heavy metals in soils treated with BC-nZVZ was significantly lower than in those treated with BC alone. Therefore, the findings of this study suggest that the application of BC-nZVZ not only contributes to the sustainable management of agricultural residues but also serves as an efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly approach for reducing the mobility and release of heavy metals in contaminated soils.

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