A comprehensive overview of slow / controlled-release fertilizers and production methods and their advantages and disadvantages

Articles in Press

Document Type : Complete scientific article - review

Authors

1 Department of Soil and Water Research, Hamedan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Hamedan, Iran

2 Department of Nanotechnology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran

3 Department of Soil and Water Research,Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Ardebil(Moghan); Agricultural Research, Education and Extesion Organization(AREEO), Ardebil, Iran

4 Department of Soil and Water Research, Hamedan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Hamedan, Iran.

10.22069/ejsms.2026.23396.2183

Abstract

Indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen, not only imposes heavy costs on farmers, but also causes environmental pollution. Nitrate is easily leached out of the reach of plants due to its lack of retention by soil particles. The entry of excess phosphorus and nitrate into surface and underground water causes the phenomenon of eutrophication, reduction of oxygen level, excessive increase of unwanted species, and finally the death of aquatic life. Increased nitrate concentrations in drinking water can threaten the health of people, especially children. Also, greenhouse gas emissions and the accumulation of heavy metals are other consequences of the excessive use of chemical fertilizers. One of the effective methods for improving nutrient use efficiency and reducing environmental risks is the use of slow-release fertilizers. These types of fertilizers are specifically designed to release their nutrients in a controlled manner throughout the plant's growth period. This feature not only increases crop yield but also improves the absorption of essential nutrients from the soil.
Materials and Methods: In this article, an attempt has been made to explain the concept of slow/controlled-release fertilizers and their differences, nutrient release mechanisms, and factors affecting them. Also, types of slow/controlled release fertilizers, production methods, required equipment, and the advantages and disadvantages of each method have been examined. Matrice and coating methods are used to synthesize fertilizers with physical barriers. The fertilizers are coated with inorganic compounds such as sulfur or organic compounds such as resins and thermoplastic Polymer. The release of nutrients takes place through the processes of diffusion, chemical decomposition, swelling, and osmosis. Fertilizer coating is done by two physical and chemical methods. The physical method includes fluid bed, pan coating, rotary drum coating, melting and extrusion, and chemical methods of inverse suspension polymerization, solution polymerization or cross-linking, and microwave irradiation.

Results: Although in most cases, slow/controlled release fertilizers are used interchangeably, the two are different. The rate of nutrient release from slow-release fertilizers is slower than that of conventional fertilizers, but the rate, duration, and pattern of release cannot be controlled. However, the rate, duration, and pattern of release in controlled-release fertilizers can be controlled and occurs over a specific time period. Slow-release fertilizers are divided into three groups, including compounds with low-soluble organic nitrogen, such as urea-formaldehyde and isobutylidine diurea, water-soluble fertilizers with a physical barrier, and low-soluble inorganic fertilizers.
Conclusion: One-time use of slow/controlled release fertilizers reduces labor costs due to reduced need for fertilization. These fertilizers increase plant access to nutrients by controlling the release of nutrients and reducing risks and toxicity. They also increase seed germination and the growth of quality crops. Factors such as temperature, pH, and ionic strength of the environment affect the release of nutrients from fertilizers synthesized using the matrix method. While the release of nutrients from coated fertilizers depends on factors such as the size of the fertilizer granules, the thickness and uniformity of the coating, the type of material, as well as the type of crosslinking and filler, and temperature. As the thickness of the coating layers, granule size, and coating uniformity increase, the rate of nutrient release decreases. Fluidized bed and pan coating methods are among the most widely used methods for coating fertilizers. Although the melt extrusion method is a very simple method, it also requires expensive equipment. Although these fertilizers are more expensive than conventional fertilizers, they have many advantages over them that justify the higher cost. The price of imported SRFs in Iran is influenced by factors related to currency and market demand.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

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