سینتیک معدنی شدن کربن آلی و تغییرات آن در سه نوع خاک تیمار شده با بقایای گیاهی مختلف (مطالعه موردی: خاکهای اطراف دریاچه ارومیه)

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموخته دکتری ، گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه ارومیه

2 دانشیار، گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه ارومیه

3 استادیار مؤسسه تحقیقات کشاورزی دیم کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مراغه، ایران

4 استاد، گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه ارومیه

چکیده

چکیده
سابقه و هدف: پویایی کربن خاک پس از برگرداندن بقایای گیاهی با ویژگی‌های کیفی متفاوت در خاک‌های مختلف، به طور متفاوت تحت تاثیر قرار می‌گیرد. یکی از راه‌های صحیح و عملی برای بهبود ماده آلی خاک، مدیریت صحیح استفاده از بقایای گیاهی محصولات کشاورزی است، به گونه‌ای که با برگرداندن این بقایا به خاک، متوسط سالانه ورودی کربن به خاک افزایش یافته و بخشی از کربن خروجی حاصل از تجزیه میکروبی جبران می‌گردد. از اینرو، هدف از این تحقیق، بررسی تاثیر بقایای گیاهی مختلف بر سینتیک معدنی شدن کربن و میزان کربن آلی در خاک‌های مختلف اطراف دریاچه ارومیه بود.

مواد و روشها: این تحقیق به صورت آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با فاکتورهای نوع خاک (آهکی، سدیمی و شور-سدیمی) و بقایای گیاهی (گندم، ذرت، آفتابگردان، ماشک و شبدر) به میزان 2 درصد، به همراه تیمار شاهد (خاک بدون بقایا) در سه تکرار انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی به مدت 10 هفته (70 روز) در دمای 1± 25 درجه سانتی‌گراد و با رطوبت 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی انکوباسیون شدند. میزان خروج CO2 به صورت منظم هفته‌ای یکبار به مدت 10 هفته اندازه‌گیری شد و سپس پارامترهای معادله سینتیکی معدنی شدن کربن (شاخص C0 (ذخیره کل کربن قابل تجزیه) و kC0 (سرعت بالقوه اولیه معدنی شدن کربن)) محاسبه شد. در نهایت، درصد کربن آلی خاک‌ها بلافاصله بعد از اتمام آزمایش در تمامی تیمارها اندازه‌گیری ‌شد.

یافته‌ها: نتایج تجزیه واریانس نشان داد، اثر نوع خاک و بقایای گیاهی بر معدنی شدن کربن در سطح احتمال 1 درصد معنی‌دار بود. یشترین خروج CO2 در هفته اول انکوباسیون اتفاق افتاد و سپس روند کاهشی را تا انتهای زمان انکوباسیون نشان داد. بیشترین مقادیر تجمعی کربن معدنی شده، مربوط به بقایای ماشک و شبدر در خاک آهکی بود. همچنین، همبستگی مثبت و معنی‌داری بین غلظت نیتروژن بقایا و کربن معدنی شده و همبستگی منفی بین کربن معدنی شده با نسبت C/N، lignin/N، cellulose/N، hemicellulose/N، cellulose+lignin/N و N/P مشاهده شد. شاخص C0K نسبت به C0، میزان معدنی شدن کربن را در خاک‌های مورد بررسی بخوبی توجیه نمود. با افزودن بقایای گیاهی به خاک، مقدار کربن آلی در هر سه نوع خاک به صورت گندم> ذرت> آفتابگردان> ماشک> شبدر افزایش یافت.

نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که، بالا بودن کربن معدنی تجمعی در خاک آهکی در بین سه نوع خاک مورد مطالعه، نشان از تجزیه بیشتر بقایا در این خاک‌ آهکی می‌باشد. بنابراین باید سالیانه با بازگشت بیشتر بقایا به این نوع خاک‌ها (خاک‌های آهکی) بخشی از کربن خروجی حاصل از تجزیه میکروبی جبران گردد. با توجه به اینکه هدف اصلی از کاربرد مواد آلی در خاکها، افزایش ماده آلی خاک می‌یاشد، نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که بیشترین تاثیر را در افزایش کربن آلی در هر سه خاک (آهکی، سدیمی و شور-سدیمی) بقایای گندم و سپس ذرت با نسبت C/N بالا و کمترین نقش را شبدر و ماشک با کمترین C/N داشتند. این موضوع نشان‌دهنده این مطلب است که افزایش مقدار کربن آلی خاک با افزودن بقایای گیاهی بیشتر به کیفیت بقایای گیاهی (C/N، lignin/N، cellulose/N، hemicellulose/N، cellulose+lignin/N و N/P) بستگی دارد. بنابراین برای ترسیب کربن در این خاکها استفاده از بقایای گیاهی با C/N بالا توصیه می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Kinetics of organic carbon mineralization and its changes in three soil types treated with different plant residues (case study: soils around the Lake of Urmia)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Javad Abdollahi Garekand 1
  • Ebrahim Sepehr 2
  • Vali Feiziasl 3
  • Mir Hassan Rasouli-Sadaghiani 4
  • Abbas Samadi 4
1 Ph.D. Graduate, Dept. of Soil Science, ,Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
2 Associate Prof. of Soil Science, Dept. of Soil Science, Urmia University, Urmia, I.R. Iran.
3 Assistant Professor, Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Maragheh, Iran
4 Prof. of Soil Science, Dept. of Soil Science, Urmia University, Urmia, I.R. Iran
چکیده [English]

Abstract
Background and Objectives: Soil C dynamics will be influenced differently following incorporation of various plant residues with different qualitative characteristics. One of the most important ways to improve soil organic matter is to manage the correct use of plant residues in agricultural products, so that by bringing these residues back to the soil, the average annual carbon input to soil is increased and part of the carbon output from decomposition microbial is compensated. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of various plant residues on the mineralization kinetics of carbon and organic carbon content in different soils around the Urmia lake.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted as a laboratory incubation experiment in a completely randomized factorial design, including three soil types (calcareous, saline-sodic and sodic) and five plant residues (corn stalks, sunflower stalks, wheat straw, clover and vetch residues) with control treatment (soil without plant residues) in three replications. Plant residues (20 g kg-1) were added to the soils and incubated for 10 weeks (70 days) at 25±1°C. CO2 emissions were measured once a week for 10 weeks, and then the parameters of the kinetic equation of mineralization of carbon were calculated. Finally, the organic carbon content of soils was measured immediately after the completion of the experiment on all treatments.
Results: The results of analysis of variance showed that the soil type and plant residue significantly (p < 0.01) affected C mineralization. In all treatments, the highest CO2 emissions occurred during the first week of incubation, and then there was a decreasing trend until the end of the incubation time. The highest amount of cumulative C mineralized obtained from calcareous soils treated with vetch and clover residues. There was a positive and significant correlation between plant N concentration and C mineralized, while there was a negative and significant correlation between ratios of C/N, lignin/N, cellulose/N, hemicellulose/N, cellulose+lignin/N, N/P ratio and C mineralized. Carbon mineralization in all three studied soils is better estimated with C0K than C0. Also, with the return of plant residues to the soils, the amount of organic carbon increased in all three studied soils. The order of increasing organic carbon in different treatments of plant residues in all three studied soils was wheat> corn> sunflower> vetch> clover.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the highest cumulative mineral carbon in calcareous soils among the three studied soils, indicates the further decomposition of residues in these soils. Therefore, it should be compensated annually for the return of more residues to these soils, part of the carbon output resulting from microbial decomposition. Considering that the main purpose of using organic matter in soils was to increase soil organic matter, the results of this study showed that the greatest effect was on organic carbon increase in all three soils (calcareous, sodic and saline-sodic) of wheat residues and then corn with high C/N ratios and the smallest role obtained from clover and vetch with the lowest C/N. This suggests that increasing the amount of soil organic carbon content by adding plant residues depends on the quality of plant remains (C/N, lignin/N, cellulose/N, hemicellulose/N, cellulose + lignin/N and N/P). Therefore, the use of plant residues with high C/N ratio is recommended for carbon sequestration in these soils.

Keywords: Plant residues, carbon mineralization, organic carbon, C/N ratio, soil type

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • "carbon mineralization"
  • "Plant residues"
  • "CO2"
  • "C/N ratio"
  • "Saline-sodic soil"
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