تعیین شکل‌های شیمیایی مس و ارتباط آن‌ها با پاسخ‌های نهال‎های پسته و ویژگی‌های خاک در برخی خاک‎های آهکی رفسنجان

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه ولیعصر (عج) رفسنجان،

2 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه ولیعصر (عج) رفسنجان

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: شناخت شکل‌های شیمیایی مختلف مس در ارزیابی وضعیت قابلیت استفاده مس خاک و نیز مدیریت حاصلخیزی خاک و تغذیه گیاه حائز اهمیت است. قابلیت استفاده مس برای گیاه به توزیع نسبی شکل‌های شیمیایی مختلف آن بستگی دارد. توزیع شکل‎های شیمیایی مس در خاک تابعی از خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک از جمله مقدار ماده آلی، میزان آهک، پ‎هاش، مقدار رس و ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی می‎باشد. روش‌های عصاره‌گیری دنباله‌ای یکی از راه‌های تخمین شکل‌های شیمیایی عناصر می‌باشد که به‌عنوان کامل‌ترین روش توصیفی رفتار کلی فلزات در خاک نام برده می‌شود. تحقیق حاضر، به منظور تعیین شکل‎های شیمیایی مختلف مس در خاک‎های آهکی رفسنجان، ارتباط این شکل‎ها با یکدیگر و با ویژگی‎های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک‎های مورد مطالعه و هم‎چنین رابطه شکل‎های شیمیایی مس با پاسخ‎های گیاهی (پارامترهای رشدی و غلظت و جذب مس) نهال‎های پسته انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: شکل‎های تبادلی، جذبی، آلی، کربناتی و باقی‎مانده مس در 11 نمونه از خاک‌های آهکی رفسنجان با ویژگی‎های فیزیکی و شیمیایی متفاوت قبل و بعد از کشت نهال‌های پسته رقم بادامی ریز زرند با استفاده از روش عصاره‌گیری دنباله‌ای اسپوزیتو و همکاران تعیین شد. آزمایش در شرایط گلخانه‌ای در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی بر روی 11 نمونه خاک مختلف در سه تکرار و هر تکرار در سه مشاهده در گلدان‌های حاوی 4 کیلوگرم خاک انجام شد. پس از 8 ماه، گیاهان برداشت شدند و خاک هر گلدان هوا خشک و شکل‌های شیمیایی مس با روش ذکر شده و غلظت مس نمونه‌های گیاهی توسط دستگاه جذب اتمی اندازه‌گیری شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج عصاره‌گیری دنباله‌ای نشان داد در نمونه‌های خاک قبل و بعد از کشت به‌ترتیب مقدار مس تبادلی و مس جذب شده ناچیز، مس متصل به مواد آلی 1/9 و 6/17 درصد، مس متصل به کربنات‌ها 8/9 و 8/20 درصد و مس باقی‌مانده 80 و 4/61 درصد مجموع شکل‌های اندازه‌گیری شده را تشکیل می‌دهد. مقدار مس در بخش باقی‌مانده بعد از کشت به‎طور معنی‎داری کاهش پیدا نمود و مقدار مس آلی و کربناتی به‎طور معنی‎داری افزایش یافت. بالاترین همبستگی معنی‌دار شکل‌های شیمیایی مس با پارامترهای گیاهی در نمونه‌های خاک بعد از کشت بین مس متصل به کربنات‌ها با غلظت مس ساقه (**542/0 =r) مشاهده شد.
نتیجه گیری: مس متصل به مواد آلی و مس متصل به کربنات‌ها با وجود این‌که دارای فراهمی نسبتاً کمی است اما می‌تواند در تأمین مس مورد نیاز گیاه نقش مهمی ایفا کند. به‌طور کلی، الگوی توزیع شکل‌های شیمیایی مس در نمونه‌های خاک به‌صورت زیر بود:
مس جذب شده< مس تبادلی < مس متصل به مواد آلی< مس متصل به کربنات‌ها< مس باقی‌مانده

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Determination of chemical forms of Cu and their relationship with pistachio seedlings responses and soil properties in some calcareous soils of Rafsanjan

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ahmad tajabadi Pour 1
  • Seyyed Hamide Hosseini 2
چکیده [English]

Background and objective: Determination of different chemical forms of copper in soil is important in the evaluation of copper availability for plants, soil fertility management as well as plant nutrition. Availability of copper for plants depends on the relative distribution of different chemical forms of copper. Copper relative distribution in soil is a function of physical and chemical properties of soil such as the amount of organic matter, CaCO3 content, soil pH, clay content and CEC. Sequential extraction is one procedure to estimate the chemical forms of elements such as copper in soil that is considered as the perfect method for the description of elements behavior in soil. This study was done to determine different chemical forms of copper in some calcareous soils of Rafsanjan, relationship between these chemical forms and with physical and chemical characteristics of studied soils and also relation of different chemical forms of copper with plant responses (growth parameters and Cu concentration and uptake) of pistachio seedlings.
Materials and methods: Eleven soil samples with different physical and chemical properties from different parts of Rafsanjan region before and after cultivation were fractionated by sequential extraction (Sposito et al.) to estimate the quantities of copper in exchangeable, sorbed, organic, carbonate and residual forms. The greenhouse experiment was carried out as a completely randomized design on 11 soil samples in three replications and each replication in three observations in pots containing 4 kg soil. After 8 months, pistachio seedlings were harvested and soils were air dried. Chemical forms of copper in soil samples were extracted by method of Sposito et al. and Cu concentration in plant tissues (leaf, stem and root) were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry.
Results: Sequential extraction results indicated that exchangeable and sorbed forms of copper before and after planting were negligible, organic Cu 9.1 and 17.6 %, carbonate Cu 9.8 and 20.8 % and residual Cu 80 and 61.4 % respectively. After planting the amount of residual copper significantly decreased whereas organic and carbonate forms significantly increased. The highest correlation coefficient in soil samples, after cultivation was observed between carbonate Cu and stem Cu concentration (r=0.542**).
Conclusion: Organic and carbonate forms of copper could have an important role in pistachio seedlings nutrition, although their availabilities in soils are low. Generally, the pattern of copper distribution in soil samples before and after planting was as follows:
Residual Cu > carbonate Cu> organic Cu> exchangeable Cu> adsorbed Cu

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Carbonate Cu
  • Cu concentration
  • Organic Cu
  • Residual Cu
  • sequential extraction
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