بررسی تغییرات رشد رویشی، عملکرد و خواص کیفی میوه پرتقال تامسون ناول با تأکید بر مصرف بهینه کودهای حیوانی و شیمیایی

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار پژوهش، بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی مازندران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی،

2 استادیار پژوهشی، بخش تحقیقات جنگل‌ها و مراتع، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی مازندران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج

3 دانشیار پژوهشی، بخش تحقیقات گیاهپزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی مازندران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی،

4 استادیار پژوهشی، بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی مازندران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی،

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: برای رسیدن به کشاورزی پایدار و بهبود کیفیت خاک، استفاده از منابع مواد آلی از قبیل کودهای حیوانی بصورت ترکیبی با مقدار مناسب کودهای شیمیایی ضروری است. تحقیق حاضر به ‌منظور بررسی اثر مصرف کود حیوانی و شیمیایی بر رشد رویشی، عملکرد و خواص کیفی میوه پرتقال تامسون ناول (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) و با هدف کاهش مصرف کود شیمیایی انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: آزمایش به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های‌ کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار به اجرا در آمد. تیمارها شامل سه سطح از کود گوسفندی (0، 6 و 12 کیلوگرم به ازای هر درخت) و سه سطح از کودهای شیمیایی سولفات آمونیوم، سوپر فسفات تریپل و سولفات پتاسیم (0، 30 و 60 درصد توصیه بر مبنای آزمون خاک) بودند که بر درختان پنج‌ساله پرتقال تامسون ناول (هر تیمار شامل دو درخت)، به مدت چهارسال در باغ مرکبات بهارستان ساری اعمال شدند. با توجه به رشد درخت به مقادیر فوق‌الذکر سالانه 20 درصد اضافه شد. در پایان هر دوره رشد، رشد رویشی شامل پارامترهای طول شاخه‌های بهاره و تابستانه و قطر تنه درخت (در بالا و پایین محل پیوند) اندازه‌گیری شد. همچنین عملکرد میوه درخت، وزن و قطر متوسط میوه، مجموع املاح محلول (TSS)، اسیدیته کل (TA)، pH و ویتامین ث اندازه‌گیری شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین رشد بهاره (طول شاخه) پرتقال تامسون ناول در نتیجه کاربرد توأم کودهای شیمیایی و کود حیوانی (مصرف 60 درصد کود شیمیایی بر مبنای آزمون خاک و 12 کیلوگرم کود حیوانی به ازای هر درخت) به دست آمد. کمترین رشد رویشی بهاره معادل 6/21 سانتی‌متر در تیمار شاهد مشاهده شد. اثر متقابل سطوح مختلف کود شیمیایی و حیوانی بر رشد تابستانه معنی‌دار نبود. قطر طوقه (در پایین محل پیوند) در تیمار مصرف 60 درصد توصیه کودهای شیمیایی و 6 کیلوگرم کود حیوانی به ازای هر درخت پنج ساله تامسون ناول به بیشترین حد خود (132 میلی‌متر) رسید. بیشترین عملکرد میوه درخت تامسون ناول با میانگین 6/49 کیلوگرم در تلفیق کودهای شیمیایی (60 درصد توصیه بر مبنای آزمون خاک) با کود حیوانی (12 کیلوگرم به ازای هر درخت) به ‌دست آمد. سطوح مختلف کود شیمیایی موجب افزایش اسیدیته کل و برعکس سطوح کود حیوانی منجر به کاهش اسیدیته کل میوه پرتقال تامسون ناول شد. اثر متقابل کود شیمیایی و حیوانی بر غلظت املاح محلول میوه معنی‌دار و بیشترین مقدار (08/11 درصد) در تیمار مصرف 60 درصد توصیه کودهای شیمیایی و 6 کیلوگرم کود حیوانی به ازای هر درخت مشاهده شد. این تیمار با تیمار مصرف 60 درصد کود شیمیایی بر مبنای آزمون خاک و 12 کیلوگرم کود حیوانی به ازای هر درخت در یک گروه قرار گرفتند. تیمار مصرف 60 درصد توصیه کودهای شیمیایی و 6 کیلوگرم کود حیوانی با 8/80 میلی‌گرم در 100 سی‌سی عصاره بیشترین مقدار ویتامین ث عصاره میوه را تولید کرد و تلفیق سطوح 60 درصد کود شیمیایی بر مبنای آزمون خاک و 12 کیلوگرم کود حیوانی به ازای هر درخت باعث کاهش ویتامین ث میوه شدند. اثر متقابل سطوح کودهای شیمیایی و حیوانی بر قطر میوه معنی‌دار نشد اما بر وزن متوسط و حجم عصاره معنی‌دار و بیشترین وزن متوسط و حجم میوه به ترتیب با میانگین 352 گرم و 176 سی‌سی در تیمار مصرف 60 درصد کود شیمیایی توصیه شده و 12 کیلوگرم کود حیوانی به ازای هر درخت به -دست آمد.
نتیجه‌گیری: در مجموع، برای رسیدن به حداکثر عملکرد کمی و کیفی میوه پرتقال تامسون ناول کاربرد 60 درصد مقدار توصیه شده کودهای شیمیایی و 12 کیلوگرم کود حیوانی پوسیده گوسفندی به ازای هر درخت توصیه می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigation of Changes in Vegetative Growth, Yield and Qualitative Properties of Thomson Navel Orange Fruit with Emphasis on Optimal Consumption of Manure and Chemical Fertilizers

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mojtaba Mahmoudi 1
  • Maedeh Yousefian 2
  • Seyed Vahid Alavi 3
  • Mehrdad Shahabian 4
1 Research Assistant professor. Soil and Water Department, Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. Sari, Iran
2 Research Assistant professor. Forest and Range Department, Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. Sari, Iran
3 Research Assistant professor. Plant Protection Department, Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. Sari, Iran
4 Research Assistant professor. Soil and Water Department, Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. Sari, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: To achieve sustainable agriculture and improve soil quality, it is necessary to use organic sources such as animal manure in combination with suitable amount of chemical fertilizers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of animal and chemical fertilizer on vegetative growth, yield and qualitative properties of Thomson Navel orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) fruit to reduce chemical fertilizer consumption.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included three levels of sheep manure (0, 6 and 12 kg per tree) and three levels of macronutrient fertilizers: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (0, 30 and 60% recommended amount, based on soil test) on five years old Thomson Navel orange trees (each treatment including two trees) in the Sari Baharestan citrus orchard for four years. Based on the growth of the trees, the above-mentioned values were added 20% annually. At the end of each growth period, vegetative growth including the length of spring and summer shoots and diameter of the collar (top and bottom of the graft union) were measured. Fruit yield and mean weight and diameter, total soluble solids (TSS), total acidity (TA), pH and vitamin C of harvested fruits were also measured.
Results: The results showed that the highest spring growth (shoot length) of Thomson Navel oranges was obtained as a result of the combined application of chemical fertilizer and manure (60% of the recommended amount) and manure (12 kg/tree). The lowest spring vegetative growth of 21.6 cm was observed in the control. The Interaction between different levels of chemical fertilizer and manure on summer growth was not significant. Collar diameter (at the bottom of the graft union) reached its maximum level (132 mm) in 60% recommended fertilizer and 6 kg of manure per tree treatment. The highest fruit yield of Thomson Navel trees was obtained with an average of 49.6 kg/tree, in a combination of chemical fertilizers (60% of the recommended amount) and manure (12 kg/tree). The fruit TA in different levels of chemical fertilizer and manure increased and decreased, respectively. The Interaction between chemical fertilizers and manure on TSS was significant and the highest (11.08%) was observed at 60% of the recommended amount of chemical fertilizers and 6 kg/tree of manure. This treatment and the treatment of 60% of the recommended amount of chemical fertilizer and 12 kg/tree of manure were located in the same group. The 60% recommended chemical fertilizer treatment + 6 kg of manure produced the highest amount of vitamin C in the fruit extract (80.8 mg/100 ml of extract), however the combination of high levels of chemical fertilizer and animal manure reduced the vitamin. The Interaction of chemical fertilizer and manure levels was not significant on fruit diameter but it was significant on average weight and volume of extract. The highest mean weight (352g) and fruit volume (176cc) was obtained in the treatment of 60% chemical fertilizer + 12 kg of manure per tree.
Conclusion: The results showed that 60% of the recommended amount of chemical fertilizers + 12 kg of rotten sheep manure per tree is recommendable to achieve the highest quality and quantity of Thomson Navel orange fruit.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Citrus
  • Fruit quality
  • Manure
  • Optimal fertilizer consumption
  • Vegetative growth

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مجله مدیریت خاک و تولید پایدار
دوره 11، شماره 1
خرداد 1400
صفحه 27-45

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