تأثیر ماده آلی و کلرید پتاسیم بر شاخص‌های پایداری ساختمان خاک

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد، گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

2 استاد، گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: اکثر خاک‌های مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک ایران دارای کمتر از یک درصد ماده آلی هستند که این مسئله سبب کاهش کیفیت برخی از ویژگی‌های فیزیکی خاک ازجمله کاهش پایداری خاکدانه‌ها، تخریب ساختمان خاک و کاهش هدایت هیدرولیکی اشباع می‌شود. با توجه به اهمیت و نقش مواد آلی در پایداری ساختمان خاک از یک‌سو و وجود سدیم و پتاسیم در کود گاوی و اثرات مخرب آن‌ها بر ساختمان خاک از سوی دیگر این پژوهش با هدف بررسی تأثیر کود گاوی، لجن فاضلاب و کاتیون پتاسیم بر شاخص‌های پایداری ساختمان خاک انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: در این پژوهش تاثیر کود گاوی و لجن فاضلاب شهری در سه سطح صفر، 1 و 2 درصد و کاتیون پتاسیم (کلرید پتاسیم) در سه سطح شوری 1، 3 و 5 دسی زیمنس بر متر در سه تکرار به‌صورت طرح کاملاً تصادفی در قالب آرایش فاکتوریل برای مقایسه تیمارها بر شاخص‌های پایداری ساختمان خاک مطالعه شد. تیمارهای یک و دو درصد کود گاوی و لجن فاضلاب به خاک اعمال شده و خاک تیمار شده در گلدان یک کیلویی ریخته شد. به همه گلدان‌ها در ابتدا 300 میلی‌لیتر آب شهری اضافه شد تا به حالت اشباع برسد. سپس، آبیاری با محلول‌های حاوی KCl آغاز شد و هر 7 رو ز یک‌بار 200 میلی‌لیتر محلولKCl به گلدان‌ها افزوده شد. این دوره آبیاری 8 هفته به طول انجامید و بعد از گذشت 8 هفته شاخص‌های پایداری ساختمان خاک شامل شاخص پایداری نرمال، میانگین هندسی قطر خاکدانه‌ها و درصد تخریب خاکدانه‌ها اندازه‌گیری شدند. تجزیه‌وتحلیل آماری داده‌ها توسط نرم‌افزار آماری JMP8 انجام شد. مقایسه میانگین‌ها با استفاده از آزمون LSD و در سطح یک درصد انجام شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج شاخص‌های پایداری ساختمان خاک نشان داد که تیمار لجن فاضلاب اثر مثبت بر میانگین هندسی قطر خاکدانه-ها (GMD) و درصد تخریب خاکدانه (PAD) داشت، درحالی‌که تیمار کود گاوی به دلیل بالا بودن سدیم و پتاسیم آن و اثرات مخرب این دو بر پایداری خاکدانه بر اکثر پارامترهای پایداری ساختمان خاک به‌جز شاخص پایداری نرمال (NSI) اثر منفی داشت. به طور کلی میانگین هندسی قطر خاکدانه‌‌ها در تیمار بدون ماده آلی و شوری سه دسی زیمنس بر متر کمترین و در تیمار یک درصد لجن فاضلاب و همین سطح شوری بیشترین مقدار بودند. همچنین شاخص NSI به ترتیب در تیمارهای شوری سه دسی زیمنس بر متر و بدون ماده آلی کمترین و در شوری یک دسی زیمنس بر متر و یک درصد کود گاوی بیشترین مقدار بود. درصد تخریب خاکدانه‌ها نیز در شوری‌های کمتر از سه دسی زیمنس بر متر با افزایش ماده آلی در بیشتر تیمارها کاهش معنی-داری نشان داد، در حالی که در شوری پنج دسی زیمنس بر متر به دلیل افزایش میزان پتاسیم و اثر مخرب آن بر پایداری ساختمان خاک تغییر ات آن معنی‌دار نبود.
نتیجه‌گیری: . با توجه به اثر مثبت لجن فاضلاب شهری در پایداری خاکدانه در کوتاه‌مدت در این مطالعه، و مقرون‌به‌صرفه بودن لجن فاضلاب پیشنهاد می‌شود اثر افزودن لجن فاضلاب به زمین‌های کشاورزی طی دوره‌های چندساله بر شاخص‌های پایداری ساختمان خاک موردبررسی قرار گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of organic matter and potassium chloride on soil structure stability indices

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sommaye Gholami Jami 1
  • Hojat Emami 2
1 Soil Science Dept,, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2 Department of soil science, faculty of agriculture, Ferdowsi university of Mashhad
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Most of the soils in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran contain less than 1 % organic matter, which lead to reduce the quality of some physical properties of the soil, including decreasing the stability of aggregates, destruction the soil structure and reducing saturated hydraulic conductivity. Considering to the importance and role of organic matter and the presence of sodium and potassium in cattle manure and their destructive effects on soil structure, this research was performed to study the effect to investigate the effect cattle manure, sewage sludge and potassium chloride on soil structure stability indices.
Materials and Methods: In this research, the effects of cattle manure and municipal sewage sludge at three rates (0, 1 and 2 %) and potassium cation (potassium chloride) at three salinity levels (1, 3 and 5 dS/m) and 3 replications as a completely randomized design and factorial arrangement were studied to compare the treatments on soil structure stability indices. Treatments of 1 and 2 % (weight) cattle manure and sewage sludge were applied to soil and treated soil filled in pots (1 kg weight). To saturate the soil, all pots were irrigated with 300 ml of urban water. Then, irrigation was made by KCl solutions and 200 ml of KCl was added to each pot every week for the period of 8 weeks. After then, soil structural stability indices including normalized stability index (NSI), geometric mean diameter of wet aggregates (GMD), and percentage of aggregate destruction (PAD) were measured. The statistical analysis of data was made by JMP8 software and comparison of means based on LSD test at P < 0.001 was performed.
Results: the results of structural stability showed that sewage sludge treatment had a positive effect on aggregate stability, percentage of aggregate destruction and geometric mean diameter of wet aggregates, while manure application due to high concentration of sodium and potassium and their destructive effects on aggregate stability had the negative effect on most structural stability, except for the normalized stability index. In general, geometric mean diameter of wet aggregates in treatment with no organic matter and salinity level of 3 dS/m was the lowest value and it showed the highest value in 1 % of sewage sludge and salinity level of 3 dS/m. Also, amounts of normalized stability index were the highest and lowest values in salinity of 1 dS/m + 1 % of manure, and salinity of 3 dS/m + no organic matter, respectively. Percentage of aggregate destruction significantly decreased at salinity levels less than 3 dS/m when organic matter increased, while it was not significantly changed at salinity of 5 dS/m due to increment of potassium and its destructive effect on soil structure.
Conclusion: Considering the positive effect of organic matter on stability of aggregates in short term, and the cost effectiveness of sewage sludge, it is suggested that the application the sewage sludge on soil structure indices in agricultural lands will be studied during several years.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Aggregate stability
  • Organic matter
  • Salinity
  • Normalized stability index

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مجله مدیریت خاک و تولید پایدار
دوره 11، شماره 1
خرداد 1400
صفحه 83-100

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