تاثیر تنش خشکی و تاریخ کاشت بر صفات مورفوفیزیولوژیک و عملکرد دو رقم ارزن

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار ، بخش زراعی و باغی مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی سیستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، زابل، ایران،

2 استادیار ، بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی سیستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، زابل، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: تنش خشکی یکی از چالش‌های اصلی تولید محصولات کشاورزی در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک می‌‌باشد. جهت افزایش عملکرد و معرفی گونه‌های متحمل به خشکی و کاهش مصرف آب این آزمایش باهدف تأثیر تنش خشکی و تاریخ کاشت بر صفات مورفوفیزیولوژیک و عملکرد دو رقم ارزن اجرا گردید.
مواد و روش‌ها: برای مطالعه تأثیر تنش خشکی و تاریخ کاشت بر صفات مورفوفیزیولوژیک و عملکرد دو رقم ارزن آزمایشی به صورت کرت‌های دو بار خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال زراعی۹۴ -۱۳۹۳ و ۹۵-۱۳۹۴ درایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی زهک اجرا شد. فاکتور اصلی شامل تنش خشکی در دو سطح (50 و 80 درصد ظرفیت زراعی)، فاکتور فرعی تاریخ کاشت، شامل چهار سطح ( یک، 15، 30 اسفند و 15 فروردین) و فاکتور فرعی فرعی نوع رقم (باستان و پیشاهنگ) بود.
یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین و کمترین عملکرد دانه به ترتیب در 50 و 80 درصد ظرفیت زراعی با میانگین 1679 و 469 کیلوگرم در هکتار به دست آمد. عملکرد دانه، تعداد روز تا گلدهی، تعداد روز تا رسیدن، غلظت کلروفیل، عملکرد علوفه خشک، وزن هزار دانه و ارتفاع بوته تحت تأثیر رقم قرار گرفت. بیشترین عملکرد دانه در رقم باستان (1200 کیلوگرم در هکتار) حاصل شد. عملکرد دانه، تعداد روز تا گلدهی، تعداد روز تا رسیدن، غلظت پرولین، غلظت کلروفیل، عملکرد علوفه خشک، عملکرد دانه، وزن هزار دانه، ارتفاع بوته تحت تأثیر اثر متقابل تاریخ کاشت در تنش در زقم قرار گرفت. بیشترین میزان عملکرد دانه (2711 کیلوگرم در هکتار)، تعداد روز تا رسیدن (2/72 روز)، غلظت کلروفیل (50/6 میلی‌گرم بر گرم)، عملکرد علوفه خشک (6/9475 کیلوگرم در هکتار)، وزن هزار دانه (55/4 گرم) و ارتفاع بوته (5/122 سانتی‌متر) در 15 اسفند، آبیاری 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی و در رقم باستان بود.
نتیجه گیری: با توجه به نتایج به‌دست‌آمده از نظر عملکرد علوفه و دانه، به نظر می‌رسد، کاشت در 15 اسفند به دلیل در اختیار بودن رطوبت و درجه حرارت کافی نقش زیادی در افزایش عملکرد ایفا می‌کند. گیاه در این تاریخ کاشت توانست سهم بیشتری از مواد فتوسنتزی ساخته‌شده را به دانه‌ها منتقل کند ولی تأخیر در کاشت به‌دلیل تنش گرمای انتهایی در زمان پر شدن دانه‌ها باعث تغییر نامطلوب در نسبت فتوسنتز به تنفس و به‌نوبه خود موجب کاهش انتقال مواد فتوسنتزی به دانه‌ها شد. برای دستیابی به بیشینه عملکرد دانه و علوفه کاشت ارزن رقم باستان در تاریخ 15 اسفند و مدیریت آبیاری آن بر مبنای 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی توصیه می‌گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of drought stress and planting date on morphophysiological traits and yield in Two varieties of millet

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ahamd Ghasemi 1
  • Hamed Arfania 2
1 Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Sistan -Zabol
2 Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education of Sistan Zabol
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Drought stress is one of the important challenges of agricultural crop production in the arid and desert region. In order to increase yield, indrouction of drought resistance cultivars, and reduction water consumption, this experiment was conducted to recognize effects of drought stress and planting date on morphophysiological and yield of two varieteds of millet.

Materials and Methods The experiments were carried out as a split plots arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications in Zahak Agricultural Research Station in 2015 and 2016. The main factor included planting dates (1, 15 and 30 March and 15 April) and drought stress (50, 65 and 80% of field capacity) were in sub sub plots. Grain yield and traits of plant height, plant height, 1000 seeds weight, dry forage yield, chlorophyll, proline, day to maturity, and day to flowering were determined.

Results The results showed that maximum and minmun grain yield was obtained at 50 and 80 percent of filed capacity with average of 1679 and 469 kg hg-1, respectively. Grain yield, day to flowering number, day to maturing number, chlorophyle concentration, dry forage yield, 1000 seed weight, and plant height was affected by cultivars. Maximum grain yields was in Bastan cultivar (1200 kg ha-1). Grain yield, day to flowering number, day to maturing number, chlorophyle concentration, dry forage yield, 1000 seed weight, and plant height was infulunced by interaction effects of planting date, drought stress, and cultivar. Maxium grain yield (2711 kg hg-1), day to maturing (72.2 days), cholorphyle concentration (6.50 mg g-1), dry forage yield (9475.6 kg ha-1), 1000 seed weight (4.55 g ), and planting height (122.5 cm) were for Bastan culrivar in 15 March and 50 percent irrigarion.

Conclusion: According to the obtained results of forage and grain yield, it seems that planting at 15th March play a key role in increasing yield of millet, because of water and temperature suffiencny. The plant at this date had more contribution to transfer the produced phytotsenythetic materials to seeds. Howerver, delay in planting date resulted in late season heat stress at seed filling time and abnormality in photosynthesis to transpiration ratio which it can dercrease the transfer of photosynthetic materials to seeds. It seems that sowing of cultivar of Bastan in comparison with conventional one has resulted in highest resistant to drought stress. We can recommend as resistant cultivar of millet at 15th of March palnting date and 50 percent of field capacity

For the Sistan region the relationship between farmers and extension specialists, and researcher can increase yield in drought years. Although Millet is resistant to drought, increasing the soil moisture to 80 percent of field capacity resulted in reducing chlorophyll and yield components. Sowing tin 15 March because of availability of moisture and proper temperature, has significant role in increasing yield. The millet in this date was able to transfer its photosynthetic products to grains; however, delay in sowing as result of hot weather the relative of photosynthesis to transpiration in grain filling period.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Field capacity
  • Plant height
  • Prolin
  • Water deficiency
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