کارآیی خاکپوش بقایای گیاهی در کاهش فرسایش بین‌شیاری و پاشمانی در سرعت‌های مختلف باد

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری ،گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران.

2 استاد گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان

3 گروه مهندسی طبیعت، دانشگاه بجنورد، بجنورد، ایران.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: فرسایش پاشمانی و بین‌شیاری از انواع مهم فرسایش ناشی از باران در اراضی کشاورزی است. در بسیاری از مناطق کشور، وزش باد از طریق تشدید فرسایندگی باران باعث افزایش شدت فرسایش خاک می‌شود. یکی از راهکارهای حفاظتی مهم در مهار فرسایش، استفاده از خاکپوش بقایای گیاهی است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی تأثیر درصدهای مختلف خاکپوش کاه و کلش گندم در تقابل با سرعت‌های مختلف باد بر شدت فرسایش بین‌شیاری و پاشمانی با استفاده از دستگاه شبیه‌ساز هم‌زمان باران و باد انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: به این منظور، آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کامل تصادفی از طریق ایجاد شدت 40 میلی‌متر در ساعت باران بر روی دو نمونه خاک با حداکثر اندازه ذرات 2 و 75/4 میلی‌متر (به‌ترتیب با اسامی C2mm و C4.75mm)، در سرعت‌های مختلف باد (صفر، 6 و 12 متر بر ثانیه در ارتفاع 40 سانتی‌متری) و سطوح متفاوت خاکپوش کاه و کلش شامل صفر، 30، 60 و 90 درصد (معادل 800، 1650 و 3300 کیلوگرم بر هکتار) هر یک در سه تکرار انجام شد. میزان فرسایش بین‌شیاری و پاشمان به سمت بالادست و پایین‌دست به‌طور جداگانه اندازه‌گیری شد. در پایان، درصد کارایی سطوح مختلف خاکپوش در کاهش فرسایش خاک در مقایسه با شاهد (خاک بدون پوشش) در سرعت‌های مختلف باد تعیین شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که با افزایش درصد خاکپوش بقایا، شدت فرسایش بین‌شیاری و پاشمانی به‌طور معنی‌داری کاهش یافت. همچنین با افزایش سرعت باد، فرسایش بین‌شیاری و پاشمان پایین‌دست ذرات به‌طور معنی‌داری افزایش و پاشمان بالادست کاهش نشان داد. کارایی خاکپوش در مهار فرسایش بین‌شیاری بین 7/30 تا 8/92 درصد و در کاهش پاشمان بالادست و پایین‌دست ذرات به‌ترتیب بین 3/3 تا 81 درصد و 9/78 تا 9/99 درصد تعیین شد. از بین سطوح مورد مطالعه، پوشش 60 درصد خاکپوش، بهترین پاسخ را در مهار فرسایش بین‌شیاری نشان داد.
نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان داد که در باران‌های متأثر از وزش باد، شدت فرسایش بین‌شیاری با افزایش سرعت باد افزایش می‌یابد. با این وجود، از طریق ایجاد پوشش مناسب بقایای گیاهی در سطح خاک می‌توان شدت فرسایش را به‌طور معنی‌داری کاهش داد. در واقع، با افزایش درصد خاکپوش بقایای گیاهی، سطح خاک در برابر برخورد مستقیم قطرات باران محافظت می‌شود و در نتیجه، شدت فرسایش بین‌شیاری و پاشمانی کاهش می‌یابد. همچنین بقایای گیاهی، کارایی بیشتری در کاهش شدت پاشمان به سمت پایین‌دست نسبت به شدت پاشمان بالادست داشت. علاوه بر این در حضور بقایای گیاهی نسبت به شاهد، پاشمان به سمت پایین‌دست بیشتر از فرسایش بین‌شیاری کاهش یافت. یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان داد که با حفظ بقایای گیاهی در اراضی کشاورزی می‌توان اثر فرساینده سرعت باد در تشدید فرسایش ناشی از باران در اراضی کشاورزی را مهار نمود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Efficiency of pant residue in reducing soil erosion due to interrill and splash at different wind velocities

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sanaz Poormirkamali 1
  • Majid Mahmoodabadi 2
  • Vahidreza Jalali 3
1 Department of Soil Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman
2 Department of Soil Science, Agriculture Faculty, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman
3 Department of Nature Engineering, Shirvan Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Splash and interrill are two important types of rain-induced erosion in agricultural lands. In many parts of the country, erosive winds can increase soil erosion rate by intensifying rain erosivity. One of the most important conservation practices to control erosion is the use of plant residue mulch. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different percentages of wheat straw mulch in addition to different wind velocities on soil losses due to interrill and splash using simultaneous rain and wind simulator instrument.
Materials and Methods: For this purpose, an experiment was done in a completely randomized design based on three factors including wind velocity (0, 6 and 12 m s-1 at height of 40 cm), wheat straw mulch (0 (as control), 30, 60, 90%), and soil type (namely C2mm and C4.75mm) each at three replicates. A constant rainfall intensity of 40 mm h-1 was applied on the treated soils for a period of 40 minutes. Interrill erosion as well as up- and down-ward splash materials were measured separately. Finally, the efficiency of different mulch percentages in reducing soil erosion compared to the control (bare soil) at different wind velocities was determined.
Results: The results showed that with increasing the percentage of soil coverage, the soil loss due to interrill and splash was significantly reduced. Also, with increasing wind velocity, interrill erosion and downward splash increased, whereas upward splash decreased, significantly. The efficiency of plant residue mulch in reducing interrill erosion was ranged between 30.7 and 92.8 %, while its efficiency in controlling upward and downward splash varied from 3.3 to 81 % and 78.9 to 99.9 %, respectively. The 60 % coverage was introduced as the best mulch percentage.
Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that in wind-driven rains, interrill erosion rate increased with increasing wind velocity. However, it could be reduced by an appropriate coverage of plant residues. In other words, by increasing the percentage of wheat straw mulch, the soil surface is protected from the direct impact of raindrops and hence, interrill and splash erosion rates are reduced, significantly. It was concluded that the efficiency of plant residue in reducing downward splash was more than that in reducing upward splash. In addition, in the presence of plant residue, the downward splash was reduced more than interrill erosion rate. The results of this study indicate the importance of plant residue as an effective conservation agent in controlling soil erosion in agricultural lands.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Mulch
  • Wind and rain simulator
  • Rain-induced erosion
  • Wind erosivity
  • Rain erosivity

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مجله مدیریت خاک و تولید پایدار
دوره 12، شماره 2
تیر 1401
صفحه 67-86

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