بررسی و تعیین ویژگی‌های چند باکتری حلکننده فسفات از خاک کشاورزی مزرعه گندم واقع در استان یزد

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه میکروبیولوژی، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران.

2 مرکز تحقیقات میکروبیولوژی کاربردی و بیوتکنولوژی میکروبی، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران.

3 دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی‌ارشد گروه میکروبیولوژی، دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

چکیده:
سابقه و هدف: استفاده فراوان از کودهای شیمیایی از دهۀ دوم قرن بیستم با ورود محصول واکنش هابر-بوش به بازار رایج شد و متعاقب آن صنعت کشاورزی رونق گرفت. امروزه، افزایش مصرف مواد شیمیایی موجب پیامد‌های زیانبار زیست محیطی و بالا رفتن هزینه‌های تولید محصولات کشاورزی شده است. استفاده از کودهای زیستی، با پتانسیل محلول سازی فسفر در خاک‌های کشاورزی، به عنوان یک گزینه دوستدار محیط زیست و جایگزین برتر بجای مصرف هر چه بیشتر کودهای شیمیایی در نظر گرفته‌ می‌شود. مجموعه‌های جدیدی از باکتری‌های حل کننده فسفات با گوناگونی زیستی وسیع برای استفاده به عنوان کود زیستی فسفات برای مصرف محصولات زراعی گوناگون و در اقلیم های متفاوت مورد نیازند. هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی و تعیین ویژگی‌های چند باکتری فعال حل کننده فسفات از خاک چند منطقه مختلف زیرکشت گندم در استان یزد بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: در این پژوهش، میکروارگانیسم‌های خاک زمین کشاورزی غربالگری شده و جدایه‌ها در محیط کشت PVK آگار از نظر ایجاد هاله مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند و سپس شاخص و کارایی حل‌کنندگی فسفات محاسبه شد. میزان رهایش فسفات در محیط کشت مایع بر حسب میکروگرم بر میلی‌لیتر اندازه گیری شد. تمامی جدایه‌ها از نظر تحمل شرایط مختلف محیطی (دما، شوری و (pH مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند و در پایان تولید انواعی از اسیدهای آلی توسط جدایه‌ها با کمک روش کروماتوگرافی لایه نازک بررسی شد.
یافته‌ها: از میان جدایه‌ها، 10 جدایه در محیط دارای کلسیم فسفات هاله ایجاد کرده و در محیط بدون نیتروژن حاوی شناساگر بروموتیمول بلو رشد و تغییر رنگ نشان دادند. 5 جدایه دارای بیشترین شاخص حل‌کنندگی فسفات (SI) (بین 2 تا 4) و 5 جدایه بالاترین کارایی در حل کنندگی فسفات (PSE) (مساوی یا بیشتر از 200 درصد قطر هاله/ قطر کلنی) را نشان دادند. بیشترین شاخص حلکنندگی متعلق به جدایه‌ی YC به میزان 1/4 بوده است، در حالیکه تجزیه و تحلیل آماری، هیچ اختلاف معناداری مابین میانگین‌های کارایی حل‌کنندگی جدایه‌های مختلف نشان نداد. و میزان رهایش فسفات در بررسی کمی در 4 جدایه برتر به میزان 25/150 تا 91/203 میکروگرم بر میلی‌لیتر اندازه‌گیری شد. تجزیه و تحلیل آماری نشان می‌دهد که از میان 10 سویه‌ی آزمون شده، YS و YG به ترتیب با رهایش 9/203 و 8/194 میکروگرم بر لیتر فسفات، بیشترین کارایی را از خود نشان دادند. این دو سویه، با جدایه‌های YK و YC اختلاف معناداری نداشتند. همچنین جدایه‌های YX، YA، YP، YH، YJ و YI با قرار گرفتن در یک سطح آماری، کمترین توانایی در این زمینه را از خود نشان دادند. آزمایش‌های مربوط به مقاومت جدایه‌ها به عوامل محیطی نشان داد که تقریبا تمامی 10 جدایه می‌توانند در دامنه pH اسیدی تا قلیایی (5-9) و دمای 25 - 37 درجه سانتی‌گراد رشد داشته باشند. همچنین جدایه‌ها شوری محیط را تا نمک 10 درصد تحمل کردند. روش کروماتوگرافی لایه نازک در تمامی جدایه‌ها حضور اسیدهای آلی مانند اسید سیتریک و اسید اگزالیک را تایید کرد.
نتیجه گیری: پژوهش حاضر نشان می‌دهد که میکروارگانیسم‌های مورد بررسی با دارا بودن توانایی بالای حل‌کنندگی فسفات، پتانسیل قابل توجه‌ای به عنوان جایگزین مناسب برای کودهای شیمیایی دارای اثرات مخرب جانبی داشته باشند.
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کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigation and determination of some phosphate solubilizing bacteria characteristics from agricultural soil of wheat field located in Yazd province

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Reza Soudi 1
  • Leila Amini 2
  • Behnaz Mirelmi 3
  • Tayebeh Fooladi 2
1 Professor - Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, 1993893973, Tehran, Iran.
2 Researcher (PhD) - Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Alzahra University, 1993893973, Tehran, Iran
3 Researcher (MSc)- Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology , Alzahra University, 1993893973, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Abstract:
Background and Objectives: The widespread use of chemical fertilizers became common by coming the Haber-Bosch reaction product to the market in the second decade of the twentieth century, and thereafter the agricultural industry flourished. Nowadays, increasing usage of chemicals has caused adverse and harmful consequences against the environment and also increased costs of production of crop plants. The use of biofertilizers, which potentially solubilizes phosphorus compounds in the agricultural soil, is considered as an environmental friendly option and a superior alternative to further usage of chemical fertilizers. New collections of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria with a vast biodiversity are required to be used for greater varieties of crop plants in more different climates. The aim of this study was verification and characterization of some active phosphate-solubilizing bacteria isolated from several areas of wheat arable soils located in Yazd province.
Materials and Methods: In this study, soil microorganisms were screened and all the isolates were examined in PVK agar culture medium for halo formation and then phosphate solubilization index and efficiency were calculated. Phosphate release rate in liquid culture medium was measured in µg/ml. Nitrogen fixation test using two carbon sources (glucose and sucrose) was evaluated comparatively. All the isolates were examined for tolerance to various environmental conditions such as temperature, salinity and pH. Finally, the production of several types of organic acids by the isolates was examined using thin layer chromatography.
Results: Among the bacteria, 10 isolates created a halo zone in culture medium containing calcium phosphate and showed growth and discoloration in nitrogen-free medium with bromothymol blue reagent. Five isolates out of 10 showed the highest efficiency in phosphate solubilization (equal to or more than 200% Z/C) and 5 isolates showed the highest phosphate solubility index (between 2- 4). The highest index belonged to YC isolate (4.1), while statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the means of solubility efficiency of different isolates. The quantitative study showed that the amount of phosphate released for 4 superior isolates was 150.25-203.91 µg/ml. Statistical analysis shows that among the 10 strains tested, YS and YG showed the highest efficiency with the release of 203.9 and 194.8 μg/l phosphate, respectively. These two strains were not significantly different from YK and YC isolates. Isolates YX, YA, YP, YH, YJ and YI also showed the least ability at the same statistical level. All the isolates were able to fix nitrogen in the presence of glucose and 4 isolates were able to fix nitrogen in the presence of sucrose as two different carbon sources. Experiments carried out to show the resistance of the isolates to environmental factors and indicated that almost all isolates can grow adequately in the range of acidic to alkaline pH (5-9) and temperatures of 25-37 ºC. The isolates were also able to tolerate salinity up to 10% (w/v). The use of thin layer chromatography confirmed the excretion of organic acids such as citric acid and oxalic acid by the examined bacteria.
Conclusion: The present study indicates that the isolated microorganisms with high phosphate solubilizing ability show significant potential as a suitable substitute to chemical fertilizers with harmful side effects.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Phosphate solubilizing bacteria
  • Chemical fertilizer
  • Organic acid
  • Nitrogen fixation

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مجله مدیریت خاک و تولید پایدار
دوره 12، شماره 4
دی 1401
صفحه 53-75

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