تأثیر فسفر بر جذب آهن، روی و پتاسیم و خصوصیات رشدی ریشه و اندام هوایی گندم در رژیم‌های رطوبتی مختلف

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری ،گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

2 دانشیار ، گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

3 استاد، گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: خشکی یکی از گسترده‌ترین تنش‌های غیرزنده است که در بخش‌های عمده جهان تأثیری منفی بر رشد و عملکرد گیاهان می‌گذارد. تنش خشکی با کاهش جذب آب و عناصر غذایی عملکرد گیاهان را کاهش می‌دهد. شرایط آب و هوای خشک و نیمه خشک ایران مشکلات بسیاری در تولید گیاهان از جمله گندم (Triticum aesivum L.) ایجاد کرده است. فسفر به عنوان یکی از عناصر غذایی ضروری برای گندم، می‌تواند در نعدیل اثرات تنش خشکی مؤثر ‌باشد. در سال‌های اخیر برای مقابله با تنش خشکی استفاده از گیاهان و ارقام کارا در جذب عناصر غذایی از جمله فسفر به عنوان راه حل پایدار و مناسب برای افزایش عملکرد محصول مورد توجه پژوهشگران قرار گرفته است، لذا توجه به مکانیسم ارقام کارا در برابر تنش خشکی برای توصیه دقیق کود ضروری می‌باشد.
مواد و روش: به منظورارزیابی رقم گندم سیروان (مقاوم به تنش خشکی)، در جذب عناصر غذایی و رشد و نمو آن در سطوح مختلف رطوبتی و فسفر، پژوهشی در گلخانه به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با دو فاکتور و سه تکرار در طی دوره رشد رویشی انجام گرفت. فاکتورها شامل فسفر از منبع منو کلسیم فسفات منوهیدرات (0، 15 و 25 میلی‌گرم فسفر بر کیلوگرم خاک) و سه رژیم رطوبتی شامل 50 و 70 درصد ظرفیت مزرعه (شرایط تنشT1, T2:) و 95 درصد ظرفیت مزرعه (شاهدT0:) بودند.
یافته‌ها: با توجه به نتایج مشاهده شد که اثر متقابل تنش خشکی و سطوح فسفر بر روی میزان وزن خشک کل، جذب عناصر غذایی آهن، روی و پتاسیم، قند محلول کل، رشد ریشه (طول تجمعی، قطر و سطح ریشه) و شاخص کلروفیل رقم سیروان به ترتیب در سطح احتمال یک درصد و پنج درصد معنی‌دار بود. نتایج نشان داد که افزایش فسفر (25 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم) در حضور و عدم حضور تنش خشکی بر روی رشد و نمو رقم گندم مورد مطالعه مؤثر بوده است؛ به طوری که که افزودن فسفر به‌ مقدار 25 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم در شرایط تنش خشکی 50 درصد ظرفیت مزرعه، وزن خشک کل رقم سیروان را از 80/5 به 52/8 گرم در گلدان نسبت به سطح بدون کاربرد فسفر افزایش داد. افزایش فسفر در شرایط تنش خشکی (50 درصد)، جذب عناصر غذایی آهن را به میزان حدود 2 برابر، روی و پتاسیم را به ترتیب به میزان 60 و 50 درصد نسبت به شاهد افزایش داد که این افزایش جذب می‌تواند به‌دلیل افزایش رشد ریشه و خصوصیات آن (طول تجمعی، سطح و قطر ریشه) ‌باشد؛ هم‌چنین با توجه به نتایج این آزمایش مشاهده شد که مقاومت رقم سیروان به تنش خشکی به دلیل افزایش در میزان قند محلول کل، رشد ریشه و جذب آهن، روی و پتاسیم بود که منجر به افزایش وزن خشک کل و رشد و نمو خوب آن در شرایط تنش خشکی شد.
نتیجه‌گیری: کاربرد میزان مناسب فسفر در سطح 25 میلی‌گرم برکیلوگرم در شرایط تنش خشکی باعث افزایش وزن خشک کل، سطح، قطر و طول ریشه، جذب عناصر غذایی، شاخص کلروفیل، ارتفاع، تعداد پنجه و میزان قند محلول کل در گیاه شد، این سطح فسفر با تاثیر مثبت بر روی رشد و نمو رقم سیروان در مرحله رشد رویشی باعث سازگاری آن در شرایط تنش خشکی شد؛ با توجه به اهمیت انتخاب رقم در تعدیل تنش خشکی، رقم سیروان توانست پاسخ خوبی نسبت به کود فسفر برای کاهش تنش خشکی نشان دهد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of phosphorus on iron, zinc and potassium uptake and the characteristics of root and shoot of wheat in different moisture regimes

نویسندگان [English]

  • Maryam Moosavi 1
  • Reza Khorassani 2
  • Reza Tavakkol Afshari 3
1 PhD student, Dep. of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2 Associate Professor, Dep. of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
3 Professor, Dep. of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Drought is one of the most widespread abiotic stresses which has a negative effect on the growth and yield of plants in most parts of the world. Drought stress reduces plant yield by reducing the uptake of water and nutrients. The dry and semi-arid weather conditions of Iran have caused many problems in the production of plants, including wheat (Triticum aesivum L.). Phosphorus, as one of the essential nutritional elements for wheat, can be effective in alleviating the effects of drought stress. In recent years, to deal with drought stress, the use of plants and cultivars efficient in uptake nutrients, including phosphorus, as an appropriate strategy to increase crop yield has been the focus of researchers. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the mechanism of efficient cultivars against drought stress for accurate fertilizer recommendations.
Materials and Methods: To evaluate Sirvan wheat cultivar (resistant to drought stress), in the uptake of nutrients and its growth and development at different levels of moisture and phosphorus, a research in the greenhouse was performed as factorial based on a completely randomized design with two factors and three replications during the vegetative growth period. The factors included phosphorus from mono-calcium phosphate monohydrate source (0, 15 and 25 mg P kg soil-1) and three moisture regimes including 50 and 70% of field capacity (T1, T2: stress conditions) and 95% of field capacity (T0: control).
Results: According to the results, it was observed that the interaction effect of drought stress and phosphorus levels on total dry weight, uptake of iron, zinc and potassium nutrients, total soluble sugar, root growth (cumulative length, diameter and root area) and chlorophyll index was significant at the 0.01 % and 0.05 % level of probability, respectively in Sirvan cultivar. The results showed that the increase of phosphorus (25 mg kg-1) in the presence and absence of drought stress was effective on the growth and development of the studied wheat cultivar; So the addition of phosphorus in the amount of 25 mg kg-1 in the drought stress condition of 50% of the field capacity increased the total dry weight of Sirvan variety from 5.80 to 8.52 g pot-1 compared to the level without phosphorus application. The increase of phosphorus in the condition of drought stress (50%), increased the uptake of iron nutrients by about 2 times, zinc and potassium by 60 and 50%, respectively, compared to the control level that this increase in uptake can be due to the increase in root growth and its characteristics (cumulative length, area and diameter); Also, according to the results of this experiment, it was observed that the resistance of Sirvan cultivar to drought stress was due to the increase in the amount of total soluble sugar, root growth and uptake of iron, zinc and potassium which led to an increase in total dry weight and its good growth and development under drought stress conditions.
Conclusion: The application of the appropriate amount of phosphorus at the level of 25 mg kg-1 under drought stress conditions increased the total dry weight, root area, root diameter and length, uptake of nutrients, chlorophyll index, height, number of tillers and the amount of total soluble sugar in the plant, this level of phosphorus with a positive effect on the growth and development of Sirvan variety in the vegetative growth stage made it adapt to drought stress conditions; Considering the importance of cultivar selection in adjusting drought stress, Sirvan cultivar was able to show a good response to phosphorus fertilizer to reduce drought stress.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Drought tolerant cultivar
  • Moisture stress. Phosphorus
  • Plant dry matter

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مجله مدیریت خاک و تولید پایدار
دوره 12، شماره 4
دی 1401
صفحه 77-98

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