برهمکنش باکتری ریزوبیوم، قارچ مایکوریزا و محلول دودآب بر صفات ریشه و خصوصیات اگروفیزیولوژیک نخود

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی کرمانشاه، ایران

2 دانشیار، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران.

3 استادیار پژوهش معاونت سرارود، موسسه تحقیقات کشاورزی دیم کشور، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرمانشاه، ایران.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: تغذیه گیاهان زراعی بویژه محصولات کشت شده به‌صورت دیم یکی از مهمترین برنامه‌های مدیریتی در افزایش عملکرد کمی و کیفی محصولات زراعی است؛ به‌طوری که روش تغذیه گیاه همراه با کاهش هزینه‌های تولید و حفظ محیط زیست و در راستای اجرای کشاورزی پایدار باشد. براین اساس به‌منظور بررسی برهمکنش دودآب، قارچ مایکوریزا و باکتری ریزوبیوم بر صفات ریشه و خصوصیات اگروفیزیولوژیک نخود، آزمایشی در سال زراعی 1400-1399 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه رازی اجرا شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: آزمایش به صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار اجرا شد. تیمارهای مورد آزمایش شامل چهار سطح دودآب و نوع کاربرد (یک لیتر در هکتار بصورت محلول پاشی، 2 و 4 لیتر در هکتار بصورت خاک کاربرد و شاهد) به‌عنوان عامل ‌اصلی و سه ترکیب میکروارگانیسم شامل ریزوبیوم (1750 گرم نخود + 100 سی‌سی مزوریزوبیوم سیسری) ، مایکوریزا (1750 گرم نخود + 100 سی‌سی آب + 60 گرم مایکوریز آربوسکولار+ 5 گرم شکر)، ریزوبیوم و مایکوریزا (1750 گرم نخود + 100 سی‌سی ریزوبیوم + 60 گرم مایکوریزا) به همراه شاهد به ‌عنوان عامل ‌فرعی در نظرگرفته ‌شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج تجزیه واریانس نشان داد اثر دودآب بر صفات تعداد گرهک، قطر ریشه، آنزیم کاتالاز و قند محلول برگ معنی‌دار شد. اثر کود بیولوژیک بر صفات تعداد گرهک، طول ریشه، قطر ریشه، وزن خشک ریشه، قند محلول برگ، محتوی نسبی آب برگ (RWC)، آنزیم سوپراکسید دیسموتاز و کاتالاز معنی‌دار شد. اثر متقابل دودآب در کود بیولوژیک بر صفت کلروفیل کل و کارتنوئید معنی‌دار گردید. محلول‌پاشی دودآب با غلظت یک لیتر در هکتار در دو مرحله رویشی و پیش از گلدهی از نظر آنزیم کاتالاز (189/76 میکروگرم در میلی‌گرم محلول پروتئین)، کلروفیل کل (29/167میلی‌گرم بر گرم) و کارتنوئید (9/3 میلی‌گرم بر گرم) از خود برتری نشان داد. کاربرد خاکی دودآب با غلظت 4 لیتر در هکتار از نظر قطر ریشه (9/4 میلی‌متر) و قند محلول برگ (35/395 میلی‌گرم بر گرم وزن نمونه گیاهی) بیشترین مقادیر را به خود اختصاص داد. کاربرد توام ریزوبیوم و مایکوریزا از نظر طول ریشه (4/20 سانتی‌متر)، و تلقیح ریزوبیوم به تنهایی از نظر تعداد گرهک ریشه (31 گرهک) و قطر ریشه (9/4 میلی‌متر) و تلقیح مایکوریزا به تنهایی از نظر صفت وزن خشک ریشه (1/2 گرم) و محتوی نسبی آب برگ (67/1 %) بیشترین مقادیر را به خود اختصاص دادند.
نتیجه‌گیری: به‌طورکلی، محلول‌پاشی دودآب با غلظت یک لیتر در هکتار در دو مرحله و تلقیح بذر با ریزوبیوم و مایکوریزا می‌تواند موجب بهبود خصوصیات اگروفیزیولوژیک نخود در شرایط دیم شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Interaction of rhizobium bacterium, mycorrhiza fungus and smoke water solution on root traits and agrophysiological characteristics of chickpea

نویسندگان [English]

  • Saba Tavazoee 1
  • Saeid Jalali Honarmand 2
  • Ali Rasaei 3
1 M.Sc graduate,, Department of Plant Production and Genetic, Faculty of Science and Agricultural Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
2 Associate Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetic, Faculty of Science and Agricultural Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
3 Sararood Branch, Dryland Agricultural Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Kermanshah, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Plant nutrition, especially rainfed crops, is one of the most important management programs in increasing the quantitative and qualitative yield of crops. So that, the method of plant nutrition is accompanied by reducing production costs and preserving the environment and in the implementation of sustainable agriculture. Therefore, in order to investigate the interaction of smoke water, mycorrhiza fungus and rhizobium bacteria on root traits and agrophysiological characteristics of chickpea, an experiment was carried out in the crop year of 2019 in the research farm at Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out as split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments included four levels of smoke water and the type of application (one liter per hectare as foliar spraying, 2 and 4 liters per hectare as soil application and control) as the main plots and three combinations of microorganisms including rhizobium (1750 grams of chickpea + 100 cc of Mesorhizobium Ciceri), mycorrhiza (1750 grams of chickpea + 100 cc of water + 60 grams of arbuscular mycorrhizae + 5 grams of sugar), rhizobium and mycorrhiza (1750 grams of chickpeas + 100 cc of rhizobium + 60 grams of mycorrhiza) along with the control were considered as sub plots.
Results: The results showed that the effect of smoke water on the characteristics of number of root nodules, root diameter, Catalase Enzyme and leaf sugar solution were significant. The effect of biological fertilizers on the characteristics of number of nodules, root length, root diameter, root dry weight, leaf sugar solution, relative leaf water content, Superoxide dismutase enzyme and Catalase enzyme were significant. The interaction effect of smoke water × biological fertilizer was significant on total chlorophyll and carotenoids. The smoke water factor (1 lit/ha) at two growth stages (vegetative and the beginning of flowering) in terms of Catalase enzyme (189.76 U g-1 mg-1 Sol. Protein), total chlorophyll (29.167 mg/g) and carotenoids (9.3 mg/g) had the highest values. The soil used of smoke water (4 lit/ha) in terms of root diameter (4.9 mm) and leaf sugar solution (395.35 mg/g fw) also took the highest values. The use of rhizobium with mycorrhiza in terms of root length (20.4 cm), and rhizobium inoculation alone in terms of the number of root nodules (31 nodules) and root diameter (4.9 mm) and mycorrhiza inoculation alone obtained the highest values in terms of root dry weight (1.2 g) and relative leaf water content (67.1 %).
Conclusion: In generally, spraying of smoke water with 1 lit/ha at two stages along with inoculation of seeds with rhizobium and mycorrhiza can improve chickpea agrophysiological characteristics under rainfed condition.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Chickpea
  • Smoke Water
  • Rhizobium
  • Mycorrhiza
  • Relative leaf water content

مراجع

1.Sabaghpour, H. (2002). Inheritance of stem colour in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Journal of Agricultural Sciences Nature Resources, 9 (1), 74-81. [In Persian]
2.Agricultural Statistics. (2021-2022). Ministry of Agriculture Jihad, Crops, No1: p. 100. [In Persian]
3.Poustini, K., & Yazdi Samadi, B. (1992). Yield responses of chickpea cultivars to dry-land conditions. Agriculture Science, 23 (2), 11-17. [In Persian]
4.Khakbazpoor, A., Gholami, A., Baradaran Firoozabadi, M., & Malek Sabet, A. (2015). Inoculation study of the effect of mycorrhiza inoculation and use of rhizobium bacteria Vetiobacillus on cowpea growth. The second national conference on the protection of
natural resources and the environment. [In Persian]
5.Smith, S. E., & Read, D. J. (2008). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, 3 Edition. Academic Press, London, UK, 787p. doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-370526-6.X 5001-6.
6.Amerian, M. R., Stewart, W. S., & Griffiths, H. (2001). Effect of two species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth, assimilation and leaf water relations in maize (Zea mays L.). Aspects of Applied Biology, 63, 71-76.
7.Rahmani, E. (2003). Collection and identification of rhizobium strains symbiotic with the most important pasture legumes. Journal of Pasture and desert research, 9 (4), 157-176. [In Persian]
8.Malaki, A., Khalesro, Sh., & Heidari, Gh. (2020). Evaluation of Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Chickpea as Affected by Biofertilizer, Nitrogen, and Humic Acid in Dryland Condition. Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 11 (1), 83-94. doi. 10.47176/ jcpp.11.1.35941. [In Persian]
9.Bayat, L., & Askary, M. (2013).  Inoculation effects of Rhizobium on the tolerance increase of Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum) under SO2 pollution. Plant Process and Function,
2 (3), 35-46. [In Persian]
10.Ashrafi, A., Zahedi, M., & Razmjoo, J. (2014). The effect of inoculation with rhizobium and mycorrhiza on the response of three alfalfa populations to salinity stress. Journal of production and processing of agricultural and horticultural products, 13 (4), 245-259. doi. 20.1001.1.22518517.1393.4.13.22.0. [In Persian]
11.Hazrati Gajlar, N., Jalilian, J., & Pirzad, A. (2019). Effect of Rhizobium and Mycorrhiza on Some Physiological Traits, Yield and Qualitative Characteristics of Pinto Bean in Deficit irrigation Condition. Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 9 (1), 93-109. doi. 10.29252/jcpp.9.1.93. [In Persian]
12.Gholami, B., Noroozi Shahri, F., Mondani, F., Jalali Honarmand, S., & Saeeidi, M. (2018). Evaluation of Some Growth Indices and Grain Yield in the wheat in Response to Urea Fertilizer and Smoke-Water. Crop Improvement. Journal of Agriculture Crop Production, 20 (3), 609-626. doi.org/10.22059/ jci. 2018.250390.1929. [In Persian]
13.Van Staden, J., Jager, A. K., Light, M. E., & Burger, B. V. (2004). Isolation of the major germination cue from plant-derived smoke. South African Journal of Botany, 70, 654-659. doi.org/10.1016/ S0256299(15)30206-4.
14.Noroozi Shahri, F., Jalali Honarmand, S., & Saeidi, M. (2020). Evaluation of growth Phytohormones and different Concentrations of plant derived smoke applications on growth characteristics and biological yield of medicinal
plants Lemon balm and Basil. Journal of Agriculture Crop Production, 20 (1), 89-102. doi.org/10.22059/ jci.2019.280801.2211. [In Persian]
15.Sparg, S. G., Kulkarni, M. G., & Van Staden, J. (2006). Aerosel smoke and smoke-water stimulation of seedling vigor of a commercial maize cultivar. Crop Science, 46 (3), 1336-1340. doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.07-0324.
16.Arnon, D. I. (1994). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplast:polyphenol-oxidase in Beta Vulgaris. Plant Physiology,
24, 1-15. doi. 10.1104/pp.24.1.1.
17.Ashraf, M. Y., Azmi, A. R., Khan, A. H., & Ala, S. A. (1994). Effect of water stress on total phenols, peroxidase activity and chlorophyll content in wheat. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 16, 185-190.
18.Schonfeld, M. A. R. C., Johnson, B. F., & Mornhinwey, D. W. (1998). Water relation in winter wheat as drought resistance indicator. Crop Sciences, 28, 351-526.
19.Bradford, M. M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantization of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principles of protein dye binding. Annals of Biochemistry, 72, 248-254.
20.Chance, B., & Maehly, A. C. (1995). Assay of catalase and Kaplan, N. O. (eds). Methods in enzymology Val. 2. Academic Press Inc. New York, Pp: 764-765. doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(55)02300-8.
21.Sinha, A. K. (1972). Colorimetric assay of Catalase. Analytical Biochemistry, 47 (2), 389-394. doi. 10.1016/0003-2697 (72)90132-7.
22.Beauchamp, C., & Fridovich, I. (1976). Superoxide dismutases: improved assays and an assay predictable to acrylamide gels. Analytical Biochemistry, 44, 276-287.
23.AOAC. (1995). Officinal method of analysis (16th), Arlington. VA., USA: AOAC.
24.Damavandi, M., Saboori, H., Biabani. A., Raeisi. S., & Arzanesh, M. H. (2016). Effect of mycorrhizal fungus and Brady rhizobium japonicas bacteria on the growth characteristics and yield of soybean at different levels of phosphorus fertilizer. Journal of Applied Research of Plant Ecophysiology, 3 (1), 139-159. [In Persian]
25.Moradi, S., Besharati, H., Fazie Asl, V., & Shakhi, J. (2016). Transformation of morphological characteristics of chickpea root and shoot under drought stress and treatments of arbuscular root fungus and rhizobium. Science and Techniques of Greenhouse crops, 7 (26), 179-191. doi. 10.18869/acadpub.ejgcst.8.2.13. [In Persian]
26.Arshadi, M. J., Parsa, M., Lakzian, A., & Kafi, M. (2021). Evaluation of root traits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under treatments of rhizobium, arbuscular mycorrhiza and pseudo-endomycorrhiza on conditions of sterilized and non-sterile soil. Journal of Crop Science Research in Arid Regions, 2 (2), 241-254. doi. 10.22034/ csrar. 2021.268645.1080. [In Persian]
27.Taiz, L., & Zeiger, E. (2006). Plant Physiology. 4th Edition, Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, 690p.
28.Falahat Karganji, M., Visani, M., & Dianat, M. (2022). The effect of the application of mycorrhizal fungi species on the growth and physiological characteristics of chickpea cultivars (Cicer arietinum L.). Journal of
Crops Improvement, 24 (1), 173-188. doi. 10.22059/jci.2021.327793.2588.
[In Persian]
29.Sohrabi, Y., Visani, V., Heydari, Gh., Mohamadi, Kh., & Ghasemi Golazani, K. (2019). The effect of several species of mycorrhizal fungi on the growth and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under drought stress. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences, 12 (2), 507-524. doi.org/10.22077/escs.2018.1378.1295. [In Persian]
30.Seyed Sharifi, R., & Seyed Sharifi, R. (2020). Effect of irrigation withholding in reproductive stages and methanol and biofertilizer application on yield and some biochemical traits of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences, 13 (3), 857-869. doi.org/10.22077/escs.2020.2216.1558. [In Persian]
31.Bashan, Y., Bustillos, J. J., Leyva, L. A., Hernandez, J. P., & Bacilio, M. (2006). Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirilum brasilense. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 42, 279-285. doi.org/10.1007/s00374-005-0025-x.
32.Tang, M., Chen, H., Huang, G. C., & Tain, Z. Q. (2009). AM fungi effects on the growth and physiology of Zea mays L. seedlings under diesel stress. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 41, 936-940. doi.10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.11.007.
33.Noroozi Shahri, F., Jalali Honarmand, S., Saeidi, M., & Mondani, F. (2021). Evaluation of some biochemical characteristics of medicinal Plant basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under the application of growth Phytohormones and Phytohormones-like. Plant Process and Function, 10 (42), 89-102. doi. 20. 1001. 1. 23222727. 1400.10.42.19.1. [In Persian]
34.Li, Q. F., Ma, C. C., & Shang, Q. L. (2007). Effects of silicon on photosynthesis and antioxidative enzymes of maize under drought stress. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao, 18, 531-536.    
35.Deman, J. M., Finley, J. W., Jeffrey Hurst, W., & Yong Lee, Ch. (1999). Principles of Food Chemistry (4th ed). Aspen publishers, Inc. Maryland, 577p.
36.Sunmonu, T., Kulkarni, M., & Van Staden, J. (2016). Smoke-water, karrikinolide and gibberellic acid stimulate growth in bean and maize seedlings by efficient starch mobilization and suppression of oxidative stress. South African Journal of Botany, 201, 4-11. doi.org/10.1016/ j.sajb.2015.06.015.
37.Passardi, F., Cosio, C., Penel, C., & Dunand, C. (2005). Peroxidases have more functions than a Swiss army knife. Plant Cell Reports, 24, 255-265.
doi. 10.1007/s00299-005-0972-6.
38.Shiati, Sh., Khara, J., Hosseini Sarghein, S., & Hassanzade Ghorttapeh, A. (2023). Effects of mycorrizal and rhizobium inoculation on some physiological and biochemical traits of soybean under copper toxicity. Plant productions, 45 (4), 603-615. doi.org/ 10.22055/ppd.2023.41415.204.
39.Hu, Y., Xie, W., & Chen, B. (2020). Arbuscular mycorrhiza improved drought tolerance of maize seedlings by altering photosystem II efficiency and the levels of key metabolites. Chemical and biological technologies in agriculture, 7 (20), 1-14. doi.org/ 10.1186/s40538-020-00186-4.
40.Oskooian, A., Nezami, A., Kafi, M., Bagheri, A. R., & Lakzian, A. (2022). The ability of arbuscular mycorrhizal and endophyte species to tolerate salinity in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Environmental stresses in agricultural sciences, 15 (1), 215-230. doi.org/ 10. 22077/escs.2020.3572.1877. [In Persian]
41.Jabari, F., & Khaleghnejad, V. (2014). investigating the effect of some biofertilizers on water relations, chlorophyll content and gas exchange of chickpea plants In rainfed and fallow farming. Journal of Iranian Agricultural Plants, 45 (1), 53-64. doi.10.22059/ IJFCS.2014.51026. [In Persian]
42.Nakhzari Moghaddam, A., Samsami, N., Rahemi Karizaki, A., & Gholinezhad, E. (2020). Effect of irrigation on physiological traits and seed yield of soybean under inoculation with mycorrhiza fungi and rhizobium bacteria. Environmental stresses in Crop Sciences, 13 (2), 413-423. doi. 10.22069/ ejcp.2019.15472.2153. [In Persian]
مجله مدیریت خاک و تولید پایدار
دوره 14، شماره 2
تیر 1403
صفحه 47-65

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار