تأثیر روش و زمان کاربرد کود‌های روی و آهن بر برخی ویژگی‌های فیزیولوژیکی، کیفی و عملکردی انگور یاقوتی

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 بخش تحقیقات زراعی و باغی مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی سیستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، زابل، ایران

2 بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گلستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، گرگان، ایران

3 موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: انگور یاقوتی، رقم غالب تاکستان‌های سیستان، یکی از انگورهای بی‌دانه، سازگار با طوفان‌های منطقه سیستان، زودرس و مناسب برای تازه خوری است. عامل مهمی که عملکرد و کیفیت میوه را تعیین می‌کند، استفاده از مواد مغذی به مقدار مناسب و در زمان مناسب است که باعث افزایش راندمان مصرف کود می‌شود. هدف از این تحقیق دستیابی به بهترین روش و زمان کاربرد عناصر آهن و روی به منظور بهبود کمی و کیفی انگور یاقوتی و افزایش تولید و درآمد باغداران این منطقه می باشد.
مواد و روش‌ها: این پژوهش در ایستگاه تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی شهرستان زهک با عرض جغرافیایی″38 ′53 °30 درجه شمالی، طول جغرافیایی ″49 ′40 °61 درجه شرقی و ارتفاع 495 متر از سطح دریا طی سال‌های 1398 تا 1401 بصورت فاکتوریل با پایه طرح بلوک‌‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار انجام شد. فاکتور اول روش کوددهی شامل 1- کنترل یا عدم کاربرد عناصر روی و آهن (Fm1) 2- محلول‌پاشی عناصر روی و آهن (Fm2) 3- چالکود عناصر روی و آهن (Fm3) 4- چالکود عناصر روی و آهن + محلول‌پاشی عناصر روی و آهن (Fm4) و فاکتور دوم مرحله کوددهی شامل 1-تورم جوانه‌ها (Fs1) 2-ظهور خوشه (Fs2) 3-تغییر رنگ خوشه (Fs3) 4- خزان (Fs4) بود.
یافته‌ها: شاخص کلروفیل، درصد حبه‌های یاقوتی رنگ خوشه، مواد جامد محلول و اسیدیته‌ی آب میوه در شرایط Fm4×Fs3 نسبت به کنترل به ترتیب به میزان 15، 4/23، 17 و 2/21 درصد افزایش یافت. صفات سطح برگ، درصد جوانه‌های سبز شده، ضریب باردهی و عملکرد در شرایط Fm4×Fs1 نسبت به کنترل به ترتیب به میزان 30، 21، 4/27 و 2/28 درصد افزایش یافت. هم‌چنین صفت اسید قابل تیتراسیون در شرایط کنترل و کاربرد آهن و روی در مرحله خزان بیشترین مقدار بود. صفات شاخص کلروفیل، سطح برگ، درصد جوانه‌های سبز شده، ضریب باردهی و عملکرد میوه در سال سوم نسبت به سال اول به ترتیب 15، 8/11، 5/12، 1/12 و 6/9 درصد افزایش داشت.
نتیجه‌گیری:
کوددهی یکی از تکنیک های مهم مدیریتی در تاکستان است که تأثیر بسزایی در میزان تولید و کیفیت نهایی انگور دارد. در ابتدای فصل رشد قسمت هوایی درخت شامل جوانه‌های رویشی و زایشی با رشد سریع فعالیت خود را آغاز می‌کند. این در حالی است که ریشه‌های فعال هنوز شروع به رشد نکرده‌اند و مواد مغذی را از خاک جذب نمی‌کنند تا نیازهای تغذیه‌ای درخت را تامین کنند. بنابراین بهترین زمان برای استفاده از این کودها مرحله تورم جوانه‌ها و روش چالکود همراه با محلول‌پاشی عناصر روی و آهن بود. نتایج این آزمایش نشان داد که صفات اندازه‌گیری شده، به ترتیب در سال سوم نسبت به سال دوم و در سال دوم نسبت به سال اول افزایش یافت. باتوجه به نقش مثبت عناصر روی و آهن در بهبود خصوصیات میوه و عملکرد، تیمار چالکود عناصر روی و آهن + محلول‌پاشی عناصر روی و آهن در مرحله تورم جوانه‌ها باعث افزایش 3/24 درصدی عملکرد شده و توصیه می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of the method and stage of zinc and iron micronutrients application on some characteristics of physiological, qualitative and fruit yield of Yaghouti grapes

نویسندگان [English]

  • mansour fazeli rostampour 1
  • mohamad reza pahlavan rad 2
  • seyed ali ghaffari shahre babaki 3
1 Horticultural crops research Department, Sistan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Zabol, Iran.
2 Assistant Prof., Soil and Water Research Department, Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Gorgan, Iran
3 Department of Soil Fertility, Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Soil and Water Institute, AREEO, Karaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Yaghouti grape, the dominant variety of the Sistan vineyards, is one of the seedless and early ripening grapes, adapted to the storms of Sistan region, suitable for table grape. Utilizing nutrients at the right time and with the right amount, which increase the efficiency of utilized fertilizer are imperative factors that determines the yield and quality of the fruit. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of method and time application of iron and zinc fertilizers on the quantitative and qualitative parameters of Yaghouti grapes to improve the production and income of gardeners in the Sistan region.
Materials and Methods: This research was conducted at the Zahak agricultural research station from 2019 to 2022 with the latitude of 30'38'53'', longitude of 49'40'61'' and altitude of 495 meters above sea level. Winters of Zahk city are cold and dry winters, while summers are warm and dry. This research was performed in the form of factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Fertilization treatments were composed of (1) control, (2) foliar spraying of zinc and iron, (3) local placement of zinc and iron and (4) local placement of zinc and iron + foliar spraying of zinc and iron. Fertilization stages treatments were also composed of (1) bud swelling, (2) emergence of bunch, (3) version, and (4) leaf fall.
Results: The chlorophyll index, bunch coloring, soluble solids and acidity in Fm4×Fs3 conditions increased by 15, 23.4, 17 and 21.2 percent compared to the control, respectively. In the Fm4×Fs1 conditions, the characteristics of leaf area, bud break, bearing coefficient and fruit yield increased by 30, 21, 27.4 and 28.2 percent compared to the control, respectively. Additionally, titratable acidity trait was the highest value at the leaf fall stage in the control condition and in the treatment of iron and zinc application. The chlorophyll index, leaf area, bud break, bearing coefficient and fruit yield increased in the third year compared to the first year by 15, 11.8, 12.5, 12.1 and 9.6 percent, respectively.
Conclusion: Fertilization is one of the key techniques in the vineyard management, which has a significant impact on the amount of production and the final quality of grapes. At the beginning of the growing season, the aerial part of the tree, including vegetative and reproductive buds, begins their activity with rapid growth. This is while the active roots have not yet started to grow and do not absorb nutrients from the soil to meet the nutritional needs of the tree. Therefore, the best time to use these fertilizers was the swelling bud stage and the local placement method along with foliar spraying of zinc and iron elements. The results of this research indicated that the measured traits increased in the third year compared to the second year and in the second year compared to the first year, respectively. Considering the positive role of zinc and iron elements in improving fruit characteristics and yield, it is recommended to utilize zinc and iron elements local placement in addition to foliar spraying of zinc and iron elements in the bud swelling stage, which increases yield by 24.3 percent.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Bearing coefficient
  • Bud break
  • Chlorophyll index
  • Leaf area

مراجع

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مجله مدیریت خاک و تولید پایدار
دوره 14، شماره 2
تیر 1403
صفحه 67-86

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