نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران
2 گروه گیاهپزشکی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران
3 گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Background and objectives: Sustainable soil fertility management is one of the important components of soil management in the direction of sustainable agriculture. Accordingly, this research was conducted to investigate the effect of fertilizing fruit trees with different integrated treatments including organic, chemical, and biological fertilizers on some chemical and biological characteristics of the soil.
Materials and Methods: Before applying deep-hole fertilization treatments, soil samples were collected from two depths of 0-30 and 30-60 cm from the studied garden and their chemical (pH, EC, organic matter, and available phosphorus and potassium) and biological characteristics (basic respiration, microbial biomass carbon, substrate-induced respiration, and metabolic quotient) were determined. This research was conducted based on a factorial randomized complete block design. In early March 2020, experimental treatments were applied in the form of deep-hole fertilization as follows: completely rotten manure (A), manure + urea + ammonium phosphate + sequestrene iron chelate (B), manure + urea + ammonium phosphate + sequestrene + Bacillus liquid culture (C), manure + urea + ammonium phosphate + sequestrene + Thiobacillus + powdered sulfur (D), and manure + urea + ammonium phosphate + sequestrene + Bacillus + Thiobacillus + powdered sulfur (E). After harvesting the fruits in the summer of 2021, soil samples were taken from two depths of 0-30 and 30-60 cm from the inner wall of the fertilization holes using an auger. Chemical and biological characteristics were measured in treated soils and compared with those in control (before deep-hole fertilization).
Results: The range of pH varied from 7.24 to 7.56 at a depth of 0-30 cm and from 7.21 to 7.79 at a depth of 30-60 cm in treatment E and control, respectively. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of treatment and depth on soil pH value was significant (p≤0.01). The highest and lowest values of EC were observed in treatment E and control, respectively. The results of the analysis of variance showed that in addition to the effect of treatment, the effects of depth and interaction of depth and treatment on the amount of soil organic matter were significant (p≤0.01). The organic and chemical fertilizers used in this study increased available phosphorus in treated soils compared to control. In addition, the ability of Bacillus and Thiobacillus bacteria to solubilize phosphate and reduce soil pH through sulfur oxidation were among the other factors that increased soil phosphorus in treatment E. There was a significant difference between the amount of available potassium in treatments and control (p≤0.01). With the increase in soil depth, the amount of basal respiration increased in the treated soils. The microbial biomass carbon at the depths of 0-30 and 30-60 cm was in the range of 550-668 and 493-724 mg C kg-1, respectively, and the highest and lowest values in both depths were in treatment E and control.
Conclusion: The effect of treatments on increasing the amount of soil organic matter was significant. The amount of available phosphorus in the soil increased significantly compared to the control, while there was no significant difference between the values of this parameter in the treated soils. The amount of available potassium in the treated soils increased significantly compared to the control and this difference was more significant at the depth of 30-60 cm. The treatments significantly increased basal respiration, substrate-induced respiration, and microbial biomass carbon compared to the control, while their effect on metabolic quotient was not significant. The results showed that integrated fertilization management had the most significant impact on improving the chemical and biological quality of the soil.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
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