ارزیابی تاثیر تغییر کاربری اراضی مرتعی به کشاورزی بر کیفیت فیزیکی خاک در یک منطقه نیمه خشک

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی‌ارشد علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران.

2 دانشیار، گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران.

3 دانشیار ، گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: تغییر کاربری مرتع به اراضی کشاورزی از چالش‌های مهم در مدیریت پایدار منابع طبیعی است که می‌تواند تاثیر زیادی بر توانایی تولید خاک و کیفیت فیزیکی آن داشته باشد. بسیاری از نقش‌ها و عملکردهای خاک در ارتباط نزدیک با کیفیت فیزیکی خاک بوده و ارزیابی دقیق و ارتقاء شرایط فیزیکی خاک اهمیت بسیاری در حفظ عملکرد آن در زیست‌بوم‌های مرتعی و کشاورزی دارد. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی تاثیر تغییر کاربری مرتع به کشاورزی بر کیفیت فیزیکی خاک و شناسایی مهمترین ویژگی‌های فیزیکی خاک متاثر از این تغییر کاربری، در بخش از اراضی نیمه‌خشک استان زنجان انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: این پژوهش در سه منطقه مجاور با تاریخچه کاربری متفاوت شامل اراضی با کاربری مرتع، اراضی که در کمتر از 10 سال گذشته از مرتع به کشاورزی دیم تغییر کاربری یافته‌اند و اراضی که بیش از 30 سال از مرتع به کشاورزی دیم تغییر کاربری یافته‌اند، انجام شد. نمونه‌برداری خاک از پانزده سایت از دو عمق 0-15 و 15-30 سانتی‌متر انجام شد. از هر عمق نمونه‌های خاک دست‌خورده و دست‌نخورده جمع‌آوری و برخی ویژگی‌های خاک با استفاده از روش‌های استاندارد آزمایشگاهی اندازه‌گیری شد. از آنالیز تشخیص به منظور تعیین مهمترین ویژگی‌های خاک متاثر از تغییر کاربری اراضی استفاده شد.
یافته‌ها: تغییر کاربری تاثیر قابل توجهی بر تخلخل کل خاک و تخلخل درشت و ظرفیت تهویه‌ایی خاک، هدایت هیدرولیکی خاک، شاخص پایداری ساختمان، درجه تراکم خاک، مقدار کربن آلی، هدایت الکتریکی، مقدار سدیم خاک و کربوهیدرات قابل استخراج بااسید و آب داغ داشت. همبستگی بالایی(6/0r>) بین تخلخل کل خاک، تخلخل درشت و ظرفیت تهویه‌ای خاک، شاخص ساختمان خاک و مقدار ماده آلی خاک مشاهده شد. کربوهیدرات‌های قابل استخراج با اسید و آّب داغ همبستگی بالایی با شناسه‌های مرتبط با کیفیت ساختمانی خاک از جمله شاخص پایداری ساختمان خاک، ویژگی‌های مرتبط با تخلخل خاک و خاکدانه‌سازی داشتند. نتایج تجزیه تشخیص نشان داد که تغییر کاربری اراضی بیشترین تاثیر را بر ویژگی‌های کربوهیدرات قابل استخراج با اسید و آب داغ ، ظرفیت تهویه‌ای خاک، تخلخل کل و شاخص پایداری ساختمان خاک داشته و این ویژگی‌ها به عنوان مهمترین ویژگی‌های موثر برای ارزیابی تاثیر تغییر کاربری بر کیفیت فیزیکی خاک منطقه مورد مطالعه شناسایی شدند. با تغییر کاربری اراضی از مرتع به کشاورزی، مقدار کربن آلی کاهش، ساختمان خاک تضعیف و مقدار تخلخل کل و درشت خاک، ظرفیت تهویه‌ای و شرایط ذخیره رطوبتی خاک و اندازه خاکدانه‌ها کاهش یافته است.
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که تغییر کاربری مرتع به کشاورزی تاثیر نامطلوبی بر روی ویژگی‌های ساختمانی خاک داشته و باعث کاهش کیفیت فیزیکی خاک منطقه مورد مطالعه شده است. تخریب شرایط فیزیکی خاک در اثر تغییر کاربری در مدت زمان کوتاهی از تغییر کاربری (کشت کمتر از 10سال) شدیدتر بود و ادامه عملیات کشاورزی (کشت بیش از 30 سال) در بلند مدت باعث بهبود نسبی کیفیت خاک در مناطق نیمه خشک می‌شود. استفاده از روش‌های مدیریتی مناسب در زیست‌بوم‌های کشاورزی می‌تواند در بلند‌مدت شدت تخریب خاک در اثر تغییر کاربری به کشاورزی را کاهش دهد. همچنین ارزیابی کیفیت فیزیکی خاک می‌تواند ابزار مناسبی جهت بررسی سریع تاثیر تغییر عملیات مدیریتی بر شرایط خاک مناطق نیمه خشک فراهم کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluating the Impact of Converting Rangeland to Cropland on Soil Physical Quality in a Semi-Arid Region

نویسندگان [English]

  • Amir Hossein Masoumi Tabar Zanjani 1
  • Mohammad sadegh Askari 2
  • Setareh Amanifar 3
  • Akbar Hassani 2
1 Master's degree in Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.
2 Associate Professor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.
3 Associate Professor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and Objective: The conversion of rangeland to agricultural land is a significant challenge in sustainable natural resource management, affecting soil productivity and physical quality. Many soil functions are closely related to soil physical quality, so accurately assessing and improving soil physical conditions is crucial for maintaining ecosystem functions in both rangeland and agricultural areas. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of rangeland conversion to agriculture on soil physical quality and identify the most influential physical soil properties affected by this land-use change in semi-arid areas of Zanjan province.
Materials and Methods: This research was conducted in three adjacent areas with different land-use histories, including rangeland areas, areas converted from rangeland to dryland farming less than 10 years ago, and areas converted over 30 years ago. Soil sampling was done from fifteen sites at two depths: 0-15 and 15-30 cm. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from each depth, and various soil properties were measured using standard laboratory methods. Discriminant analysis was employed to identify the most important soil properties affected by land-use change.
Results: Land-use change significantly impacted total soil porosity, macroporosity, soil aeration capacity, soil hydraulic conductivity, structural stability index, soil compaction degree, organic carbon content, electrical conductivity, soil sodium content, and acid and hot water-extractable carbohydrates. A high correlation (r>0.6) was observed between total soil porosity, macroporosity, soil aeration capacity, soil structural index, and soil organic matter content. Acid and hot water-extractable carbohydrates significantly correlated with soil structural quality indicators, including structural stability index, soil porosity characteristics, and soil aggregation. Discriminant analysis results indicated that land-use change had the greatest impact on acid and hot water-extractable carbohydrates, soil aeration capacity, total porosity, and structural stability index. These properties were identified as the most important indicators for assessing the impact of land-use change on soil physical quality in the study area. Conversion from rangeland to agriculture reduced organic carbon content, degraded soil structure, decreased total and macroporosity, soil aeration capacity, and moisture retention and aggregation conditions.
Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated that the conversion of rangeland to agriculture adversely affected soil structural properties and reduced soil physical quality in the study area. Soil physical condition degradation due to land-use change was more severe in the short term (less than 10 years of cultivation), while long-term cultivation (more than 30 years) led to relative soil quality improvement in semi-arid areas. Implementing appropriate management practices in agricultural ecosystems can reduce soil degradation intensity due to land-use change in the long term. Additionally, assessing soil physical quality can provide a suitable tool for rapidly evaluating the impact of management practices on soil conditions in semi-arid areas.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Soil quality
  • soil structure
  • discriminant analysis
  • sustainable soil management
  • multivariate analysis

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[In Persian]
مجله مدیریت خاک و تولید پایدار
دوره 15، شماره 1
فروردین 1404
صفحه 1-27

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