تأثیر مقادیر مختلف ورمی‌کولیت و زئولیت و نوع کاتیون‌های تبادلی بر نگهداشت کربن آلی خاک

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دکتری علوم خاک، گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه زنجان، ایران

2 استاد، گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

3 دانشیار، گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: رس‌ها تأثیر زیادی بر دینامیک ماده آلی در خاک دارند و با کاهش سرعت تجزیه مواد آلی باعث افزایش نگهداشت آن در خاک می‌شوند. رس‌ها، با تشکیل کمپلکس‌های پایدار با ماده آلی و غیرفعال کردن آنزیم‌های خارج یاخته‌ای، از مواد آلی در برابر تخریب میکروبی محافظت می‌کنند. به‌عنوان یک عامل غیر زیستی، مقدار رس بر سرعت تجزیه میکروبی و مقدار مواد آلی خاک تأثیر می‌گذارد. اثرات بافت خاک بر دینامیک مواد آلی خاک در پژوهش‌های بسیاری بررسی شده است. با این حال، تحقیقاتی که تأثیر نوع رس را نشان دهد کم است و اثرات کاتیون‌های تبادلی بر نگهداشت کربن آلی خاک ناشناخته است. این پژوهش با هدف درک بهتر تأثیر نوع و مقدار ورمی‌کولیت و زئولیت و نوع کاتیون تبادلی بر دینامیک کربن آلی انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: برای این منظور یک آزمایش به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی و در سه تکرار اجرا گردید. فاکتورهای آزمایش شامل دو نوع رس (ورمی‌کولیت و زئولیت)، چهار سطح رس (صفر، 15، 30 و 45 درصد) و سه نوع کاتیون تبادلی (سدیم، کلسیم و آلومینیوم) بود. برای انجام آزمایش‌، از مخلوط‌های شن و رس (خاک مصنوعی) استفاده گردید. برای تهیه رس‌هایی با کاتیون تبادلی یکسان، ورمی‌کولیت و زئولیت با محلول‌های یک مولار از نمک‌های NaCl، CaCl2 و AlCl3 به‌طور جداگانه تیمار شدند. پیش از انکوباسیون نمونه‌ها و پس از افزودن بقایای یونجه استریل به خاک‌های مصنوعی استریل، نمونه‌ها با استفاده از عصاره استخراج شده از یک خاک طبیعی مایه‌زنی شدند. نمونه‌های 50 گرمی با توجه به مقدار و نوع رس و نوع کاتیون تبادلی، به‌صورت جداگانه تهیه شدند. سپس به تمامی نمونه‌ها به میزان 5 درصد وزنی بقایای گیاهی یونجه اضافه شد. پس از افزودن عصاره خاک و هوا خشک کردن نمونه‌ها، دوباره رطوبت نمونه‌ها با استفاده از آب مقطر به 60 درصد ظرفیت مزرعه رسید و به مدت 180 روز و در دمای 25 درجه سلسیوس در تاریکی انکوباسیون شدند. در خاک‌های مصنوعی تهیه شده، معدنی شدن کربن آلی، مقدار زیست‌توده میکروبی و غلظت کربوهیدرات‌ها در خاک اندازه‌گیری شدند.
یافته‌ها: نتایج آزمایش نشان دهنده تأثیر معنی‌دار (01/0 > p) نوع و مقدار رس خاک و نوع کاتیون تبادلی بر معدنی شدن کربن آلی، مقدار زیست‌توده میکروبی و غلظت کربوهیدرات‌ها در خاک بودند. معدنی شدن کربن آلی در شن خالص بیشتر از خاک‌های با 15، 30 و 45 درصد رس بود. در خاک‌های با ورمی‌کولیت معدنی شدن کربن آلی بیشتر از خاک‌هایی با زئولیت بود. مقدار کربن زیست‌توده میکروبی نیز در خاک‌هایی با ورمی‌کولیت بیشتر از خاک‌هایی با زئولیت بود. بیشترین درصد کربن معدنی شده و مقدار کربن زیست‌توده میکروبی در خاک‌های با کاتیون تبادلی کلسیم و بیشترین غلظت کربوهیدرات‌ها در خاک‌های با کاتیون تبادلی آلومینیوم اندازه‌گیری شدند.
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که ماده آلی و زیست‌توده میکروبی از طریق برهمکنش با رس‌ها در خاک غیرقابل تجزیه شده و مقادیر کم رس، قادر به کاهش تجزیه ماده آلی و انتشار دی‌اکسید کربن از خاک‌ها می‌باشد. همچنین کاتیون‌های تبادلی با تأثیر بر زیست‌توده میکروبی و کنترل اندازه و فعالیت ریزجانداران و تغییر ویژگی‌های فیزیکوشیمیایی محیط رشد آن‌ها بر دینامیک کربن آلی تأثیرگذار هستند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of different contents of vermiculite and zeolite and the type of exchangeable cations on soil organic carbon retention

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fatemeh Rakhsh 1
  • Ahmad Golchin 2
  • Ali Beheshti Ale Agha 3
1 Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.
2 Professor, Dept. of Soil Science, University of Zanjan
3 Department of Soil Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Soil clays are recognized as essential soil minerals for organic matter stabilization. Clays have a significant influence on soil organic matter dynamics. Clays, forming clay-organic matter stable complexes and deactivating extracellular enzymes, protect organic matter against microbial degradation in soils with high clay content. As an abiotic factor, the amount of clays affects the microbial decomposition rate of organic materials and the size of soil organic matter pools. The effects of soil texture on soil organic matter dynamics have been investigated in many studies. Still, research showing the effects of clay type is rare, and the impacts of exchangeable cations in these regards are unknown. This research was conducted to understand better the effect of the type and amount of soil clays and the type of exchangeable cation on organic carbon retention.

Materials and Methods: Materials and Methods: Consequently, this work experiment was carried out to understand better the clay type, content, and exchangeable cations on soil organic carbon retention. Different clays (vermiculite and zeolite) were saturated with Na, Ca, and Al cations to prepare homoionic Na-, Ca-, and Al-clays of different clay mineralogy. Then, the homoionic clays of different clay mineralogy were mixed with pure sand in different ratios to obtain artificial soils with varying types of clay and contents and exchangeable cations. Alfalfa plant residues were incorporated into the artificial soils, and the soils were inoculated with microbes from natural soil and incubated in the dark at a temperature of 25 °C for six months. The factorial experiments, each with three replications and completely randomized designs (CRD), were used to assess the effects of clay type and content and exchangeable cations on organic carbon dynamics. The experiment consisted of two types of clays (vermiculite and zeolite), four clay contents (zero, 15, 30, and 45%), and three exchangeable cations (Na, Ca, and Al).

Results: This study showed the significant effects (p < 0.01) of clay type and content and exchangeable cations on the mineralization of organic carbon, microbial biomass, and concentrations of carbohydrates in the soil. Organic carbon mineralization was higher in pure sand than in soils containing 15%, 30%, and 45% clays. Organic carbon mineralization was higher in soils with vermiculite than in soils with zeolite. The highest percentages of mineralized carbon and microbial biomass carbon were measured in soils with Ca, and soils with Al had the highest concentrations of carbohydrates.

Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that organic matter and microbial biomass are stabilized in soils through interaction with clays, and a small amount of clays slows organic matter decomposition significantly and reduces carbon dioxide emission from soils. Exchangeable cations influence microbial biomass and carbon dynamics by controlling the microbial population's size and activity by modifying microbial habitats' physicochemical characteristics.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Aluminum
  • Clay
  • Sodium
  • Organic matter
  • Mineralization

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مجله مدیریت خاک و تولید پایدار
دوره 15، شماره 3
مهر 1404
صفحه 75-95

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