بررسی آلودگی فلزات سنگین در خاک‌های اطراف شهرک صنعتی یزد

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار، بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب.مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان یزد.سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی.یزد.ایران.

2 دکترای جامعه شناسی، توسعه اجتماعی دانشگاه تهران و مدیر بازار آب یزد.یزد. ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: فلزات سنگین در خاک‎های کشاورزی ممکن است تحت تاثیر مواد مادری خاک، به‎طور طبیعی در خاک وجود داشته باشند (زمین زاد) و یا اینکه در اثر فعالیت‏های انسانی به خاک افزوده شوند (بشرزاد). آلودگی فلزات سنگین نه تنها باعث کاهش کیفیت فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک، کاهش فعالیت زیستی و دستیابی زیستی مواد مغذی خاک می‎شوند، بلکه تهدیدی جدی برای سلامتی انسان و امنیت زیست محیطی از طریق ورود به زنجیره غذایی و نفوذ به آبهای زیرزمینی به شمار می‎روند. صنایع، یکی از منابع اصلی تولید عناصر سنگین هستند که از دو طریق تولید پساب‌های آلوده و آلایندههای ناشی از دودکش کارخانه‌ها، منجر به ورود این مواد به خاک و تجمیع آن از طریق آبیاری با آبهای آلوده و طریق فرونشست جوی میشوند. خاصیت سمی و قابلیت تجمع زیستی فلزات سنگین در خاک و گیاهان و همچنین ورود به زنجیره غذایی انسان، خطرات آنها را دوچندان میسازد. از اینرو، صنایع میتوانند با ابتکارات اجتماعی و زیستمحیطی، انتظار جامعه از مسئولیتپذیری خود را پاسخ دهند و از دغدغه سلامت بشری بکاهند.
مواد و روشها: یک طرح آزمایشی کامل تصادفی در قالب فاکتوریل، در سه تکرار و سه عمق (20-0، 40-20 و 60-40 سانتیمتری) و سه منطقه (پاک یا شاهد (هامانه)، نیمه آلوده (خضرآباد) و آلوده (شحنه)) در غرب شهرستان یزد انجام شد. مزارع مورد نظر به ترتیب زیر کشت پسته، انار و گردو بود. آبیاری همه مزارع به صورت غرقابی انجام میشد. از هر مزرعه از سه نقطه و در هر نقطه از سه عمق، به کمک اوگر، حدود یک کیلوگرم نمونه خاک برداشت شد و در مجموع 27 نمونه به آزمایشگاه منتقل گردید. غلظت کل فلزات سنگین سرب، کادمیم، آرسنیک، نیکل، سلنیم، جیوه، برلیم، کروم و تالیم با دستگاه جذب اتمی مجهز به کوره تعیین و آنگاه شاخصهای زمین انباشتگی و فاکتور غنی شدگی اندازهگیری شد و داده ها مورد تجزیه و تحلیل آماری قرار گرفت.
دستاورها: غلظت عناصر جیوه، برلیم، کروم و تالیم در هیچ نمونهای معنیدار نبود در هر سه منطقه و هر سه عمق، آلودگی سرب و سلنیم در حد غیر مجاز قرار داشت. آلودگی کادمیم فقط در منطقه آلوده شحنه و آلودگی ارسنیک و نیکل در منطقه آلوده شحنه و نیمه آلوده خضرآباد ثبت گردید. اثر متقابل میزان آلودگی و عمق خاک معنیدار بوده و عمق 60-40 سانتیمتری خاک منطقه شحنه (آلوده) دارای بیشترین غلظت کادمیم، سرب، آرسنیک، نیکل و سلنیم نسبت به منطقه خضرآباد (نیمه آلوده) و هامانه (پاک) بود.. نتایج نشان داد که آلودگی فلزات سنگین بهویژه در آبیاری غرقابی قابلیت حرکت در عمق را دارد. بطوری‎که در منطقه آلوده (شحنه) با افزایش عمق غلظت کادمیم نسبت به سطح خاک 63/92%، غلظت سرب نسبت به سطح خاک 48/44%، غلظت ارسنیک 14/97% نسبت به سطح خاک، غلظت نیکل 72/71% نسبت به سطح خاک و غلظت سلنیم 75/91% نسبت به سطح خاک افزایش نشان داد. طبق دو شاخص اندازه گیری شده غلظت کادمیم، سرب و سلنیم در هر سه منطقه در وضعیت شدید و خطرناک قرار داشت. ارسنیک در منطقه خضرآباد و شحنه و نیکل تنها در منطقه شحنه در وضعیت خطرناک قرار داشت.
نتیجه‎گیری: این نتایج می‎تواند زنگ خطری مبنی بر احتمال رسیدن این آلودگی‎ها به آبهای زیرزمینی و قنوات نیز باشد. همچین به دنبال آلودگی خاک، جذب این مواد از ریشه گیاهان هم افزایش و باعث ایجاد سمیت در گیاه و به دنبال آن ورود به زنجیره غذایی هم می‎شود که نیازمند جلوگیری از این فرایند است. مسئولیت اجتماعی صنایع ایجاب می‌کند که هرگونه آلودگی از جانب ایشان که به طبیعت وارد می‎شود در حداقل مقدار و یا طبق موازین و مقادیر بین المللی باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigation of heavy metal contamination in soils around Yazd Industrial City

نویسندگان [English]

  • Azam Razavinasab 1
  • Abbas Faghih Khorasani 2
1 Assistant Prof., Soil and Water Research Department, Yazd Province Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Yazd, Iran.
2 PhD in Sociology, Social Development, University of Tehran and Director of Yazd Water Market. Yazd, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and Objective: Heavy metals in agricultural soils may be naturally present in the soil under the influence of the soil parent materials (geogenetic) or may be added to the soil as a result of human activities (anthropogenic). Heavy metal pollution not only reduces the physical and chemical quality of the soil, reduces biological activity and biological availability of soil nutrients, but also poses a serious threat to human health and environmental security through entry into the food chain and penetration into groundwater which lead to the entry of these materials into the soil and its accumulation through irrigation with contaminated water and through atmospheric deposition. As well as their entry into the human food chain, double their risks. Therefore, industries can respond to society's expectations of responsibility and reduce concerns about human health through social and environmental initiatives.
Materials and Methods: A completely randomized experimental design was conducted in three replications and three depths (0-20, 20-40, and 40-60 cm) and three areas ( control (Hamaneh), semi-polluted (Khazarabad), and polluted (Shahneh)) in the west of Yazd. The fields in question were planted with pistachio, pomegranate, and walnut, respectively. All fields were irrigated by flooding. One kilogram of soil samples were collected from each field from three points and at each point of three depths, and a total of 27 samples were transferred to the laboratory. After preparing the samples according to the instructions for measuring heavy metals in soil, the total concentrations of heavy metals lead, cadmium, arsenic, nickel, selenium, mercury, beryllium, chromium, and thallium were measured at all three depths with an atomic spectrometer ,and then the land accumulation indices and enrichment factor were measured, and the data were statistically analyzed.
Results: The concentrations of mercury, beryllium, chromium, and thallium were not significant in any sample. In all three areas and at all three depths, lead and selenium contamination was within the permissible limits. Cadmium contamination was recorded only in the contaminated area of Shahneh, and arsenic and nickel contamination was recorded in the contaminated area of Shahneh and the semi-contaminated area of Khezrabad. The interaction effect of the level of contamination and soil depth was significant, and the 40-60 cm depth of the soil of Shahneh (contaminated) area had the highest concentrations of cadmium, lead, arsenic, nickel and selenium compared to Khezrabad (semi-contaminated) and Hamaneh (clean) areas. The concentrations of mercury, beryllium, chromium and thallium were not significant in any sample. The results showed that heavy metal contamination, especially in flood irrigation, has the ability to move in depth. Thus, in the contaminated area (Shehneh), with increasing depth, the cadmium concentration increased by 92.63% compared to the soil surface, the lead concentration increased by 44.48% compared to the soil surface, the arsenic concentration increased by 97.14% compared to the soil surface, the nickel concentration increased by 71.72% compared to the soil surface, and the selenium concentration increased by 91.75% compared to the soil surface. According to the two measured indicators, the concentrations of cadmium, lead, and selenium were in severe and dangerous conditions in all three regions. Arsenic was in a dangerous state in the Khezrabad and Shahneh areas, and nickel was only in the Shahneh area.
Conclusion: These results could be a warning sign that these pollutants may reach groundwater and canals. Also, following soil contamination, the absorption of these substances by plant roots increases, causing toxicity in the plant and subsequent entry into the food chain, which requires prevention of this process. The social responsibility of industries requires that any pollution they release into nature be minimal or in accordance with international standards and limits.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Hamaneh
  • Khezrabad
  • Pollutant
  • Shehneh
  • Toxicity

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مجله مدیریت خاک و تولید پایدار
دوره 15، شماره 4
فروردین 1405
صفحه 35-61

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