مقایسه اثر مواد اصلاح‌کننده مختلف بر آبشویی املاح از یک خاک شور و قلیا در کرمان به روش آزمایشگاهی

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه آبیاری، دانشکده آب و خاک، دانشگاه زابل. زابل. ایران.

2 عضو هیئت علمی گروه آبیاری، دانشکده آب و خاک، دانشگاه زابل. زابل. ایران.

3 محقق مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان کرمان

4 عضو هیئت علمی موسسه تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشور

چکیده

وجود مقادیر زیاد املاح در بسیاری از منابع آب کشاورزی منجر به شور و سدیمی شدن بیشتر اراضی در استان کرمان شده است. این مسئله ازجمله محدودیت‌های عمده سال‌های اخیر در تولید محصولات باغی خصوصا پسته به‌حساب می‌آید. تحقیق حاضر به بررسی نقش مواد اصلاح‌کننده مختلف، بر روند اصلاح یک خاک شور و سدیمی در باغ پسته در کرمان می‌پردازد. در این پژوهش، تأثیر چهار تیمار آب آبیاری (شاهد)، گچ پودری، گچ محلول در آب و اسیدسولفوریک در چهار تکرار در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی در شرایط آزمایشگاهی و با استفاده از ستون خاک مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. آبشویی ستون‌ها به‌صورت متناوب و تا دو برابر عمق خاک انجام شد. برای تیمار گچ پودری، قبل از آبشویی گچ با چند سانتی‌متر سطحی خاک سیلندرها مخلوط ‌شد. در تیمار‌های اسیدسولفوریک و گچ محلول، اسید و گچ در مخزن‌های جداگانه با آب آبیاری مخلوط ‌شدند. بررسی تغییرات غلظت املاح در زهاب خروجی از ستون‌های خاک نشان داد که بیشترین میزان املاح در اولین مرحله آبشویی از ستون‌های خاک خارج شد و با تکرار عملیات آبشویی در مراحل بعد، غلظت آن به‌صورت غیرخطی کاهش یافت و به مقدار تقریباً ثابتی ‌رسید. گچ پودری و محلول در آب نه‌تنها تفاوت معنی‌داری در آبشویی سدیم از خاک نداشتند، بلکه نسبت به تیمار شاهد باعث کاهش کارایی آبشویی سدیم به میزان30 تا 40 درصد گردیدند. در مقابل، میزان سدیم تخلیه شده از خاک با مصرف اسیدسولفوریک تقریباً معادل با تیمار شاهد بود.در مقایسه بین تیمارها کمترین میزان کلسیم به ازای تیمار شاهد از خاک آبشویی شد و لذا مقدار کلسیم باقی مانده در خاک به ازای تیمار شاهد بیشتر از سایر تیمارها بود. این در حالی است که میزان کل املاح خروجی از تیمار شاهد نیز بیشتر از سایر تیمارها بود. تغییرات SAR زهاب برای تیمارهای مورد مطالعه تا حد زیادی مبین درصد تغییر سدیم در طی مراحل آبشویی بوده و لذا تیمار آب آبیاری به عنوان شاهد با بیشترین میزان خروج سدیم، بیشترین میزان SAR را نسبت به سایر تیمارها داشت. لذا با توجه به کاهش بیشتر املاح، تخلیه سدیم و عدم وجود اختلاف معنی‌دار بین pH تیمار شاهد با سایر تیمارها می‌توان ادعا داشت که بدون استفاده از هر ماده اصلاح‌کننده‌ای و تنها از طریق آبشویی می‌توان به هر دو هدف کاهش شوری و تخلیه سدیم دست یافت. از سوی دیگر با توجه به مسئله بحران آب در منطقه و خروج حدود 75 و 50 درصد املاح و سدیم در ابتدای آبشویی، می‌توان کاربرد عمق آب معادل با 1.1 برابر عمق خاک را برای آبشویی خاک مورد مطالعه توصیه نمود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparative effects of chemical amendments on salt leaching from a saline-sodic soil in Kerman under laboratory condition

نویسنده [English]

  • Hormazd Naghavi 3
1
2
3
4
چکیده [English]

Most of lands in Kerman province are become saline and sodic, due to large amounts of salts in irrigation water sources. This is considered as one of the major limitations in the production of horticultural crops especially pistachio in recent years. The target of this study was investigation of the effect of different amendments of saline-sodic soil amelioration. Here, the effect of four treatments consist of irrigation water (control), gypsum, saturated gypsum and sulfuric acid was conducted four times in the laboratory condition based on CRD, using the soil column. Columns leaching was carried out intermittently and twice as much as the depth of the soil. Gypsum powder was completely mixed with the surface soil before starting leaching. Sulfuric acid and saturated gypsum were solved in irrigation water in separate containers. Changes in solute salt in drainage water from soil columns showed that the maximum amount of salts were removed from soil columns in the beginning of leaching and by continuing leaching process, reduced nonlinear to the constant concentration. There was no significant difference between gypsum and saturated gypsum treatments in sodium leaching, and these methods reduced the efficiency of leaching up to 30–40 percent. In the contrary, in presence of sulfuric acid the amount of sodium leached out of soil profile almost equaled that of the control treatment. Among all treatments, control treatment removed less amount of calcium and there for its remaining amount of calcium in the soil was more than other treatments. While in control treatment the amount of total removed salt was the highest. During leaching process, SAR changes in drainage water largely reflected the sodium changes and irrigation water compared to other treatments, as a control treatment with the highest amount of sodium removal, had the highest drainage water of SAR. Therefore, due to the great reduction in total salt, sodium leaching and no significant difference between control treatment’s pH and others treatment’s pH, it could be concluded that using irrigation water without application of amendments, plus considering economic issues, was a suitable strategy in successfully reducing both salinity and sodicity of the soil profile. On the other hand, due to the problem of water crisis in this region and removal of about 75% and 50% salts and sodium respectively at the beginning of leaching, irrigation water up to 1.1 times of soil depth can be recommended for the leaching of soluble salt from soil profile in this study area.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Saline-sodic soil
  • Leachate
  • sulfuric acid
  • Gypsum
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