تأثیر بیوچار ذرت بر خصوصیات شیمیایی و میکروبیولوژیکی دو خاک آهکی رسی و شنی

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 شرکت گیاه

2 هیات علمی

چکیده

چکیده
سابقه و هدف: بیوچار ماده کربنی است که از گرماکافت بقایای آلی در محیط اکسیژن محدود یا غیاب اکسیژن تولید می شود. بیوچار با بهبود خصوصیات فیزیکو شیمیایی مانند افزایش ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی، تغییر pH خاک و افزودن عناصر غذایی، فعالیت میکروبی را تحریک می نماید. دمای گرماکافت و بافت خاک از عوامل مهم مؤثر بر رفتار بیوچار در خاک هستند. علیرغم اهمیت این دو متغیر، مطالعات کمی در ارتباط با تأثیر آنها بر خصوصیات شیمیایی و میکروبی خاک انجام شده است. هدف این تحقیق ارزیابی اثر بیوچارهای تهیه شده در دماهای متفاوت بر خصوصیات شیمیایی و میکروبیولوژیکی در خاک آهکی با بافت رسی و شنی بود.
مواد و روش ها: خاک های مورد استفاده در این تحقیق از لایه سطحی دو منطقه در اطراف کرج، استان البرز، نمونه برداری شدند. بقایای خام ذرت و بیوچارهای تهیه شده از بقایا در دماهای 200، 400 و 600 درجه سلسیوس به میزان 5/0 و 1 درصد وزنی با خاک مخلوط گردید. خصوصیات شیمیایی مانند pH و قابلیت هدایت الکتریکی، مواد آلی، نیتروژن معدنی، پتاسیم و فسفر قابل دسترس و خصوصیات میکروبیولوژیکی مانند تنفس ناشی از سوبسترا، کربن زیست توده میکروبی و فعالیت پروتئاز، ساکاراز، کاتالاز و هیدرولیز فلورسین دی استات اندازه گیری گردید.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد با افزایش دمای گرماکافت pH (%97-10)، درصد خاکستر (%378-75)، سطح ویژه (%1472-121)، درصد کربن (%54-19)، فاکتور غنی سازی کربن (%54-20) بیوچار افزایش یافت، در حالی که محصول بیوچار (%70-20)، ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی (%45-12)، غلظت هیدروژن (%76-9) و مواد فرار (%70-16) کاهش یافت. مصرف بیوچار باعث افزایش pH (%5-2)، قابلیت هدایت الکتریکی (%66-8)، ماده آلی (%161-36)، نیتروژن آمونیمی (%28-6)، پتاسیم قابل دسترس (%40-12)، تنفس ناشی از سوبسترا (%216-50)، فعالیت کاتالاز (%320-34)، ساکاراز (%476-26)، پروتئاز (%186-3) و هیدرولیز فلورسین دی استات (%280-27) در مقایسه با شاهد گردید، در حالی که نیتروژن نیتراتی (%77-10) و فسفر قابل دسترس (%86-23) خاک کاهش یافت. با افزایش دمای گرماکافت و بیوچار شدن بقایای ذرت pH (%11-1)، قابلیت هدایت الکتریکی (%38-1)، ماده آلی (%179-18)، فسفر قابل دسترس (%150-2)، پتاسیم قابل دسترس (%25-5)را در مقایسه با بقایای خام ذرت افزایش داد، در حالی که نیتروژن آمونیمی (%43-7)، نیتروژن نیتراتی (%77-10)، کربن زیست توده میکروبی خاک (%27-4)، تنفس ناشی از سوبسترا (%39-2)، فعالیت کاتالاز (%54-21)، ساکاراز (%62-7/3)، پروتئاز (%54-0) و هیدرولیز فلورسین دی استات (%60-21) کاهش یافت.
بحث و نتیجه گیری: نتایج نشان داد تأثیر مثبت مصرف بیوچار بر خصوصیات شیمیایی و میکروبیولوژیکی خاکهای مورد مطالعه به میزان مصرف و بافت خاک بستگی دارد. بالاترین تأثیر بر خصوصیات شیمیایی و زیستی خاک در سطح مصرف %1 مشاهده گردید. از متغیرهای بررسی شده، فعالیت آنزیمی خاک بیشترین پاسخ را به کاربرد بیوچار نشان داد. بنابراین، بر اساس نقش بیوچار در افزایش ماده آلی و فعالیت میکروبی خاک، این ماده برای بهبود وضعیت میکروبیولوژیکی خاک و افزایش کیفیت خاک های آهکی ایران پیشنهاد می گردد.
واژه های کلیدی: بیوچار، دمای گرماکافت، سطح مصرف، فعالیت آنزیمی

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effects of corn biochar on the chemical and microbiological characteristics of two calcareous clay and sandy soils.

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fayez Raiesi 2
  • Hossein Besharati 2
1
2 دانشگاه شهرکرد
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Biochar is a carbon-rich material that is obtained by heating organic feedstock in a limited or absence of oxygen. In general, biochar stimulates soil microbial activity by improvements in soil physiochemical properties such as increasing cation exchange capacity, altering soil pH and direct addition of nutrients, porosity and water holding capacity. Pyrolysis temperature and soil texture are the significant factors affecting soil responses to biochar application. However, there are very limited studies on biochar impact on chemical and microbiological properties of calcareous soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of corn biochars obtained at different temperatures on the chemical and microbiological characteristics of two calcareous soils with sandy and clayey texture.

Materials and Methods: The soils used in this study were sampled from the surface layer at two different sites around Karaj city, Alborz province, Iran. Corn raw material and biochars produced at 200, 400 and 600˚C were mixed at 0.5 and 1% (w/w) with the soils and incubated for 90 days. Soil chemical parameters such as pH and electrical conductivity, organic matter, inorganic nitrogen, available K and P; microbiological characteristics including substrate-induced respiration, microbial biomass carbon and enzyme activities (protease, saccharase, catalase and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis) were measured.
Results: The results showed that with increasing pyrolysis temperature, biochar pH (10-97%), ash content (75-378%), specific surface area (214-1472%), carbon content (19-54%) and carbon enrichment factor (20-54%) were increased, while the cation exchange capacity (12-45%), concentration of hydrogen (76-9%) and volatile matter (16-70%) were reduced. Biochar application increased soil pH (2-5%), electrical conductivity (8-66%), organic matter (36-161%), ammonium-nitrogen (6-28%), available potassium (12-40%), substrate-induced respiration (50-216%), catalase activity (34-320%), saccharase (26-476%), protease (3-186%) and hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate (27-280%) relative to the control, whereas nitrate-nitrogen (10-77%) and available phosphorus (23-86%) tended to decrease with biochar addition. Increasing pyrolysis temperature increased soil pH (1-11%), electrical conductivity (1-38%), organic matter (18-179%), available phosphorus (2-150%), available potassium (5-25%) when compared with the raw corn residues, while decreased ammonium-nitrogen (7-43%), nitrate-nitrogen (10-77%), microbial biomass carbon (4-27%), substrate-induced respiration (2-39%), catalase activity (21-54%), saccharase (3.7-62%), protease (0-54%) and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis (21-60%).
Discussion and Conclusions: The findings demonstrated that the positive effect of biochar application on soil chemical and microbiological properties depends upon its application rate, soil texture and the soil attributes involved. The most desirable effect of corn biochars on soil chemical and microbiological properties was observed at 1% application rate in sandy soil. Of the evaluated soil variables, enzyme activity showed the greatest response to biochar application. In brief, biochar is a valuable soil amendment with a positive effect on soil quality in arid and semi-arid environments. Therefore, biochar application is recommended for increasing soil organic matter pool, and consequently improving chemical and microbiological conditions of calcareous soils in Iran.


Keywords: Application rate, Biochar, Enzyme activity, Pyrolysis temperature.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • application rate
  • Biochar
  • enzyme activity
  • pyrolysis temperature

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مجله مدیریت خاک و تولید پایدار
دوره 8، شماره 1
شهریور 1397
صفحه 25-47

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