برهمکنش شوری و کادمیوم بر برخی صفات رویشی و فیزیولوژیک و جذب و تجمع سدیم و کادمیوم در ریشه و اندام هوایی خرفه

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ولی عصر رفسنجان

2 هیات علمی - دانشگاه ولی عصر رفسنجان

3 دانشگاه ولی عصر رفسنجان

4 هیات علمی دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ولی عصر رفسنجان

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: شوری یکی از مهمترین تنش‌های محیطی است که در مناطق خشک دنیا نظیر ایران تولید محصول را محدود می‌نماید. علاوه بر شوری، آلودگی فلزات سنگین در خاک و آب‌های سطحی به‌ویژه در کشورهای در حال توسعه افزایش یافته است که می‌تواند سبب کاهش عملکرد گیاهان زراعی نیز گردد. یکی از مهمترین نمکهای ایجاد کننده تنش شوری، کلرید سدیم است که اثرات بازدارنده آن بر رشد گیاه می‌تواند تحت تاثیر میزان کادمیوم خاک (و برعکس) قرار گیرد. خرفه یکی از قدیمی‌ترین و متحمل‌ترین گیاهان به شوری در مناطق خشک است که مصارف دارویی و خوراکی دارد. دانش کافی در مورد واکنش خرفه به اثرات توام کلرید سدیم و کادمیوم خاک وجود ندارد. هدف از این پژوهش بررسی برهمکنش کلرید سدیم و کادمیوم بر صفات رویشی، فیزیولوژیک و جذب و تجمع سدیم و کادمیوم در ریشه و اندام هوایی خرفه می‌باشد.
مواد و روش‌ها: به‌منظور بررسی اثر سمیت کادمیوم و کلرید سدیم بر برخی صفات خرفه آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل و در چارچوب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با چهار تکرار طراحی و در اتاقک رشد با دمای 18 و 25 درجه سلسیوس (شب-روز) اجرا شد. عامل‌های آزمایش عبارت بودند از شوری حاصل از کلرید ‌سدیم در چهار سطح (0، 1/23، 4/57 و 2/100 میلی‌مولار) و کادمیوم در پنج سطح (0، 5/0، 1، 2 و 4 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر) که به مدت 87 روز در محلول غذایی هوگلند اعمال گردیدند. بذور خرفه (توده محلی جیرفت) در بستر کوکوپیت پرلیت (2:1) در گلدان‌های یک لیتری کاشته شدند و تا زمان سبز شدن استقرار گیاهچه با آب مقطر آبیاری شدند. آنگاه گیاهچه‌ها به مدت 87 روز با محلول غذایی هوگلند همراه با مقدارهای محاسبه شده نمک و کادمیوم تیمار شدند.
یافته‌ها: کاهش معنی‌دار زیست‌توده اندام هوایی از 1/23 میلی‌مولار کلرید سدیم و 2 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر کادمیوم شروع شد. همچنین شاخص سبزینگی برگ با افزایش میزان کادمیوم در هر سطح کلرید سدیم کاهش یافت اما در شرایط بدون کادمیوم تا سطح 4/57 میلی‌مولار کلرید سدیم کاهش معنی‌داری نداشت. مشابه همین روند برای محتوای نسبی آب برگ نیز مشاهده شد به گونه‌ای که کلرید سدیم به‌تنهایی اثر کاهنده معنی‌داری بر آن نداشت اما در هر سطح کلرید سدیم مقدار آن با افزایش مقدار کادمیوم کاهش یافت. از سوی دیگر نشت یونی با افزایش میزان کلرید سدیم به طور معنی‌داری افزایش یافت اما به‌جز در سطح 1/23 میلی‌مولار کلرید سدیم افزایش محتوای کادمیوم اثر مشخصی بر آن نداشت. محتوای سدیم اندام هوایی و ریشه با افزایش سطح کلرید سدیم به‌صورت خطی افزایش یافتند اما در هر سطح کلرید سدیم و کادمیوم محتوای سدیم ریشه بسیار بیشتر از اندام هوایی بود. مشابه همین نتیجه برای محتوای کادمیوم ریشه و اندام هوایی نیز مشاهده شد. افزایش میزان کادمیوم بستر تا سطح 2 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر اثری بر محتوای سدیم اندام هوایی نداشت و تنها 4 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر کادمیوم سبب افزایش معنی‌دار آن شد.
نتیجه‌گیری: اگر چه کلرید سدیم و آلودگی به کادمیوم سبب کاهش رشد گیاه خرفه شد اما به‌نظر می‌‌‌رسد در این گیاه با انباشتگی مقدارهای قابل توجه سدیم و کادمیوم در ریشه از انتقال بیش از حد آنها به اندام هوایی و کاهش بیشتر رشد گیاه جلوگیری می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of sodium chloride and cadmium interaction on some vegetative and physiological characteristics and Na and Cd uptake in roots and shoots of purslane (Portulaca oleraceae L.)

نویسنده [English]

  • Shahab Madgah Hosseini 2
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Salinity, especially NaCl, is one of the most important abiotic stresses which limits crop productivity in dry regions like Iran. Also, soil and water heavy metal pollution is increasing in developing countries, which may suppress crop yield. The adverse effect of salinity on crop growth may be affected by soil cadmium content and vice versa. Purslane is one of the oldest and the most salt tolerant plant species having medicinal and edible uses in arid climates. Little is known about growth response of purslane to combined effect of NaCl and cadmium in soils. The aim of this study is to investigate the interaction of NaCl and cadmium on vegetative and physiological characteristics, sodium (Na) and cadmium (Cd) uptake and accumulation in roots and shoots of purslane.
Materials and methods: This experiment was arranged as factorial based on complete randomized design with four replications and conducted in growth chamber with 25/18 °C temperatures. Factors included growth medium NaCl concentration at four levels (0, 23.1, 57.4 and 100.2 mM) and cadmium at five levels (0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/l). Seeds of purslane (local ecotype of Jiroft) were sown in 1-litre plastic pots filled with coco peat-perlite (2:1) and were watered until full emergence and establishment. Then, seedlings were treated with Hoagland solution containing calculated amounts of NaCl and cadmium until 87 days afterward.
Results: Significant decrease in shoot biomass started from 23.1 mM NaCl and 2 mg/l cadmium. Also, leaf greenness index (SPAD value) decreased with increase in salinity in each cadmium level; however, when no cadmium was applied, SPAD did not significantly decrease up to 57.4 mM NaCl. Similarly, salinity had no significant effect on leaf relative water content (RWC), but in each salinity level, RWC decreased with increased cadmium level. On the other hand, tissue electrolyte leakage significantly increased with NaCl concentration, however, increase in Cd concentration had no substantial effect on it. Shoot and root Na content linearly increased with salinity, but in each salinity and Cd level, contents of Na in roots were significantly higher than those of shoot. Same results were observed for shoot and root Cd content. Shoot Na content was not significantly affected by Cd concentration in growth medium until 2 mg/l Cd and only 4 mg/l Cd significantly increased it.
Conclusion: Although sodium chloride and Cd contamination decreased purslane growth, but our results suggest that considerable accumulation of Na and Cd in roots of purslane inhibits excess translocation of Na and Cd to shoot tissues and further growth inhibition.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Biomass
  • Cadmium
  • Purslane
  • RWC
  • Sodium chloride
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