شواهد تغییرات اقلیمی و نوسانات سطح دریاچه ارومیه در خاک‌های دفن شده در حاشیه جنوب شرقی آن

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشگاه مراغه

2 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشگاه مراغه

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: خشک شدن دریاچه ارومیه و پسروی سواحل آن منجر به برجای ماندن پهنه وسیعی از اراضی شور در حواشی آن گردیده است. از آنجایی که خاک‌ها نشانه‌های محیطی که در آن تشکیل و تکامل یافته‌اند را در خود ثبت می‌کنند، مطالعه خاک‌ها در مجاورت دریاچه‌های خشک شده، می‌تواند اطلاعات ارزشمندی از گذشته منطقه و شرایط اقلیمی آن دوران در اختیار قرار دهند. لذا هدف از انجام این تحقیق، بررسی شواهد تغییرات سطح دریاچه ارومیه با مطالعه خاک‌های تکامل یافته در حاشیه جنوب شرقی آن بود
مواد و روش ها: برای انجام این تحقیق یک برش عمود بر دریاچه ارومیه در حاشیه جنوب شرقی آن در دشت بناب انتخاب شد. سپس هفت خاکرخ با شرایط تکاملی مختلف براساس واحدهای ژئومورفیک و فاصله از دریاچه ارومیه انتخاب، حفر و تشریح شدند. پنج خاکرخ در سطوح مختلف پلایای دریاچه ارومیه و دو خاکرخ در دشت بناب واقع شدند. از تمامی افق‌های مشخصه نمونه خاک جمع‌آوری گردید و برخی از آنالیزهای فیزیکوشیمیایی بر روی نمونه‌های خاک انجام شد. از برخی از افق‌های پدوژنیک نیز نمونه دست نخورده برای مطالعات میکرومورفولوژی تهیه گردید. همچنین مطالعه کانی‌شناسی برخی از افق‌های مشخصه نیز صورت گرفت.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد از میان خاکرخ‌های مطالعه شده، خاکرخ‌های 1 الی 5 دارای خاک شور و خاک‌ دفن‌شده بودند و تکامل آن‌ها تحت تأثیر رسوبات و نوسانات ناشی از دریاچه ارومیه بوده است. در تمامی این پنج خاکرخ، در خاک دفن‌شده، درجات مختلفی از تکامل مشاهده شد که نشان دهنده دوره زمانی متفاوت خروج آنها از زیر آب، پیش از دفن‌شدگی مجدد با رسوبات دریاچه‌ای بود. تا خاکرخ 3، با دور شدن از دریاچه ارومیه، خاک‌های دفن شده، تکامل بیشتری نسبت به خاک روئین نشان دادند و این بیانگر جوان بودن خاک در بالای این خاکرخ‌ها بود. مطالعه میکرومورفولوژیکی افق کلسیک دفن شده در عمق 50-105 سانتی‌متری خاک‌رخ 2 نشان داد که خاکدانه‌سازی و جداشدگی در این افق به خوبی اتفاق افتاده است و پوشش‌ها و پرشدگی‌های آهکی در دیواره و داخل منافذ مشاهده شد. در خاک دفن‌شده در خاکرخ 3، علاوه بر تکامل افق کلسیک، تشکیل اسمکتیت به صورت نوتشکیلی نیز مشاهده شد. در خاکرخ‌های 4 و5، خاک روئین نیز همانند خاک دفن‌شده تکامل خوبی داشت و این نشان داد که این بخش از منطقه مطالعاتی برای زمان نسبتا طولانی تحت تاثیر فرایندهای خاکسازی بوده است. براساس نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق، شواهدی از خاک دفن شده و رسوبات دریاچه‌ای در خاکرخ 6 که در اراضی کشاورزی واقع بود، مشاهده نگردید. در این خاکرخ، افق‌های کلسیک با تکامل خوب مشاهده شد که نشان از پایداری سطح و قدمت خاک در این منطقه حداقل نسبت به سایر خاکرخ‌ها داشت. بنابراین، به نظر می‌رسد که خاکرخ 5، احتمالا آخرین نقطه‌ای در حاشیه حنوب شرقی دریاچه ارومیه است که مستقیما تحت تاثیر دریاچه ارومیه واقع شده است.
نتیجه‌گیری: براساس نتایج به دست آمده، وجود خاک‌های دفن شده و لایه‌بندی‌های مختلف با انقطاع بافتی در خاکرخ‌-های مطالعاتی نشان داد که دریاچه ارومیه در گذشته نیز به دلیل تغییرات اقلیمی، نوسانات زیادی از نظر گسترگی و عمق داشته است. براساس نتایج این تحقیق، گستردگی دریاچه ارومیه بیش از حداکثر گستردگی ثبت شده آن در صد سال گذشته بوده است و پسروی ساحل آن در حاشیه جنوب شرقی مرحله به مرحله و همراه با پیشروی‌های متعدد و رسوب‌گذاری‌های مجدد بوده است و به این طریق توانسته است بر روی روند تکامل خاک‌ها در مجاورت خود اثر گذار باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The evidance of climatic changes and Urmia Lake surface fluctuations in buried soils of its southeastern shore

نویسندگان [English]

  • Nikou Hamzehpour 1
  • Somayeh Eslami 2
  • Effat Aghayi 2
  • sara Mola ali abasiyan 1
1
2
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Urmia Lake drying up and withdrawal of its shores resulted in remaining of vast saline lands around it. The study of soils as the indicator of the environmental condition, in which they have developed, can provide valuable information about the past climate of the area. The aim of this research was to study the evidence of the Urmia Lake fluctuations through the developed soils in its Southeastern shore.
Materials and methods: a transect perpendicular to Urmia Lake was studied in southeast Urmia Lake, in Bonab Plain. Seven pedons based on the variation of geomorphic surfaces and landscape change, were described and sampled along a transect next to the southeastern shore of Urmia Lake. Soil samples were collected from all diagnostic horizons and analyzed for some of their physicochemical characteristics. From some of the diagnostic horizons, undisturbed samples were gathered for micromorphological analysis. Clay mineralogy was also performed for some of the horizons.
Results: Results showed that among studied soil pedons, pedons 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 had saline soils along with buried horiozons and their developments were mostly affected by Urmia Lake sediments and fluctuations. In all of these 5 soil pedons, buried soils with different degrees of development were detected, which showed that these soils had been exposed during different time periods, before further burial by lacustrine sediments. Buried soils in first 3 pedons had more developed soils than their upper soils, showing that upper soils are in their early stages of development. micromorphological study of buried Bk horizon in the depth of 50-105 cm of P2, revealed that it is a highly pedal and highly separated horizon with calcite coatings and infillings. Based on the results, no evidence of buried soils or lacustrine sediments was observed in pedon 6, which was located in agricultural lands, 1 km from pedon 5. In pedon 6, highly developed calcic horizons were observed, showing that this part of landscape has been stable for a long time, at least longer than other 5 studied pedons.
Conclusion: The existence of buried soils and textural discontinuities in some of the studied soil pedons showed that Urmia Lake had several fluctuations due to climatic changes and had also been much more extended than that of 1998 in the past. The study also revealed that its recession has happened during several stages which has also coincided with several expansions and consequent sedimentations, through which, soil evolution and development in its southeastern shore has affected.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • lithological discontinuity
  • soil evolution
  • buried soil
  • clay minerals
  • micromorphology
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