برهمکنش کود شیمیایی فسفره و لجن‌فاضلاب بر قابلیت استفاده و شکل‌های فسفر و شاخص‌های ذرت (Zea Mays L.) در یک خاک آهکی

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشگاه شهرکرد،

2 استاد گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشگاه شهرکرد،

3 استادیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشگاه شهرکرد

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: کمبود فسفر قابل‌استفاده یکی از مشکلات عمده در خاک‌های ایران است. برای افزایش فسفر قابل ‌جذب از کودهای شیمیایی استفاده می‌شود؛ در حالی‌که کود فسفر مصرف شده در خاک با گذشت زمان به شکل‌هایی با قابلیت استفاده کم تبدیل می‌شود. برای افزایش کارایی کودهای فسفری می‌توان از مواد آلی استفاده کرد. لجن فاضلاب حاوی مواد آلی و عناصر غذایی زیادی بوده و برای بهبود حاصلخیزی زمین‌های کشاورزی و ارتقای عملکرد گیاهان به کار می‌رود. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی تأثیر برهمکنش کود شیمیایی فسفر و لجن فاضلاب بر قابلیت استفاده و شکل‌های معدنی فسفر و شاخص‌های ذرت (Zea Mays L.) در یک خاک آهکی بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: این تحقیق به‌صورت آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاٌ تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. فاکتورهای آزمایش شامل فسفر (0 و 50 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم فسفر از منبع KH2PO4) لجن فاضلاب (0 و 1 درصد وزنی/وزنی) بود. خاک‌های تیمارشده به مدت یک ماه در شرایط گلخانه 80 درصد ظرفیت مزرعه خوابانده شدند. ذرت (رقم سینگل‌کراس 704) در گلدان‌های 3 کیلوگرمی در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه شهرکرد کشت شد. پس از دو ماه کشت، بخش هوایی برداشت و شاخص‌های رشد ذرت (غلظت فسفر، وزن ماده خشک و جذب فسفر در گیاه ذرت) تعیین شدند. همچنین، پس از کشت از خاک گلدان‌ها نمونه‌برداری شد و در آن‌ها شکل‌های فسفر(فسفر محلول و تبادلی، فسفر متصل به آهن و آلومینیم، فسفر متصل به کلسیم، فسفر باقیمانده و فسفر آلی) و فسفر قابل ‌جذب (اولسن و کلرید کلسیم 01/0 مولار) اندازه‌گیری شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که برهمکنش کود شیمیایی فسفره و لجن فاضلاب بر فسفر عصاره‌گیری شده با روش اولسن معنی‌دار نبود (05/0> p)؛ در حالی‌که بر فسفر عصاره‌گیری شده با کلرید کلسیم معنی‌دار بود (05/0>p). نتایج نشان داد که با کاربرد 50 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم فسفر، فسفر عصاره‌گیری شده با روش اولسن و فسفر عصاره‌گیری شده با روش کلرید کلسیم به‌ترتیب 4/21 و 60 درصد افزایش یافت، در حالی‌که با کاربرد یک درصد لجن فاضلاب فسفر عصاره‌گیری شده با روش‌های اولسن و کلرید کلسیم به‌ترتیب 2/83 و 200 درصد افزایش یافت. اثر لجن فاضلاب بر همه شکل‌های فسفر (به‌غیر از فسفر باقیمانده) و اثر کود شیمیایی فسفره بر شکل‌های فسفر معنی‌دار (01/0>p) بود. برهمکنش بین کود شیمیایی فسفره و لجن فاضلاب فقط بر فسفر متصل به کلسیم معنی‌دار بود (05/0>p). اثر لجن فاضلاب بر شکل‌های فسفر بیش از اثر کود شیمیایی فسفره و برهمکنش آن‌ها بود. نتایج نشان داد که با کاربرد 50 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم کود فسفر نسبت تیمار بدون کود فسفر، غلظت فسفر در ذرت و ماده خشک ذرت به‌ترتیب 2/8 و 9/25 درصد افزایش یافت (01/0>p). با کاربرد لجن ‌فاضلاب غلظت فسفر در ذرت و ماده خشک گیاه به‌ترتیب 9/4 و 194 درصد نسبت به سطح صفر لجن فاضلاب افزایش یافت. برهمکنش کود شیمیایی فسفره و لجن فاضلاب بر ماده خشک ذرت معنی‌دار (05/0>p) بود. ماده خشک گیاه در تیمار یک درصد لجن فاضلاب همراه با کود فسفره نسبت به تیمار یک درصد لجن فاضلاب بدون کاربرد کود فسفره 5/32 درصد و همچنین نسبت به تیمار کود فسفره بدون کاربرد لجن فاضلاب 170 درصد افزایش یافت.
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج نشان داد که اثر کاربرد کود شیمیایی فسفره بر فسفر عصاره‌گیری‌شده با روش اولسن به کاربرد لجن فاضلاب در خاک بستگی نداشت. فسفر قابل ‌استفاده با کاربرد لجن فاضلاب به میزان چشم‌گیری نسبت به کود شیمیایی افزایش یافت که می‌تواند به دلیل اثرات متفاوت تیمارها بر شکل‌های فسفر خاک باشد. علاوه بر این اثر کود شیمیایی فسفره بر جذب فسفر به کاربرد لجن فاضلاب بستگی داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Interaction between P Fertilizer and Sewage Sludge on Availability and Fractions of P and maize (Zea Mays L.) Indices in a Calcareous Soil

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fatemeh Shahbazi 1
  • Alireza Hosseinpur 2
  • hamidreza Motaghian 3
1 Student Master of Science of Soil Fertility and Chemistry, Shahrekord University
2 Professor of soil science department, Shahrekord University
3 soil science department, shahrekord university
چکیده [English]

Background and goal: The deficiency of available phosphorus (P) is considered as a main problem in Iran’s soils. In order to increase the available P, chemical fertilizers are used. However, P in chemical fertilizers are transformed into less available forms over time. To improve the efficiency of P fertilizers, organic amendments could be effective. Sewage sludge contains an abundance of organic matter and nutrients and is used to improve the productivity of farmland and enhance yield. This study conducted to investigate the effect of the interaction of sewage sludge and P fertilizers on availability and mineral of P and maize (Zea Mays L.) indices in a calcareous soil.
Materials and methods: This study was conducted based on factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 3 replications. The experimental factors were chemical fertilizer (0 and 50 mg/kg of KH2PO4) and sewage sludge (0 and 1 % w/w). The treated soils were kept in 80% of the field capacity in greenhouse condition for one month. The maize (single cross 704) was planted in 3 kg pots under greenhouse of Shahrekord University. After 2 months planting, shoot was removed and maize indices (P concentration, dry matter, and uptake) were determined. Also, after planting, soil sampled from pots and the various fractions of P including (soluble P, Fe-Al bonded P, Ca bonded P, residual P, and organic P) and available (P Olsen and CaCl2 0.01 M methods) were determined.
Results: The results showed that interaction between P fertilizer and sewage sludge on P extracted by Olsen method wasnot significant (p>0.05), while in P extracted by CaCl2 0.01 M was significant (p < 0.05). The results revealed that by addition the 50 mg/kg P, P-Olsen and P-CaCl2 increased 21.4 and 60%, respectively, while 1% sewage sludge application P extracted by Olsen and CaCl2 0.01 M methods increased 83.2 and 200%, respectively. The effect sewage sludge (except residual P) and chemical fertilizers on all P fractions were significant (p < 0.01). In addition, the interaction between chemical fertilizer and sewage sludge was only significant on Ca -bound P (p <0.05). The effect of sewage sludge on P fractions was more remarkable than chemical fertilizer and their interaction effect. By addition 50 mg/kg P fertilizer, P concentration in maize and the dry matter increased 8.2 and 25.9%, respectively. Similarly, in comparison with without sewage sludge, by sewage sludge application these indices increased 4.9 and 194%, respectively. The interaction of sewage sludge and P fertilizers was significant on maize uptake (p < 0.05). The P uptake increased 32.5% in sewage sludge + 50 mg/kg P fertilizer compared to 1% sewage sludge and increased 170 % compared to 50 mg/kg P fertilizer.
Conclusion: The results showed that the effect of chemical P fertilizer application on extracted P by Olsen method wasn’t related to sewage sludge application. In treated soil with sewage sludge, available P considerably increased compared to treated soils with P fertilizer that could be attributed to different impact of treatments on P fractions. Also, the effect of chemical fertilizer application on uptake of P was related to sewage sludge rates.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Organic matter
  • fractionation
  • uptake

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مجله مدیریت خاک و تولید پایدار
دوره 9، شماره 2
تیر 1398
صفحه 45-63

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