بررسی تغییرات عناصر غذایی پرمصرف در پتانسیل اسمزی و ماتریک یکسان در سیستم های آبیاری کامل و بخشی ریشه ذرت

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری گروه خاکشناسی، دانشگاه زنجان،

2 دانشیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشگاه تهران،

3 دانشیار گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشگاه زنجان

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: تنش‌های خشکی و شوری از مهم‌ترین معضلات موجود در بخش کشاورزی و مدیریت خاک محسوب می‌شوند. این تنش‌ها سبب تغییر در جذب عناصر غذایی توسط گیاه خواهد شد. تحت شرایط طبیعی، گیاه تحت تنش هم‌زمان شوری و خشکی قرار می‌گیرد. با این حال مطالعات اندکی وجود دارد که به تفکیک، سهم هر یک از تنش‌ها را بر تغییرات جذب عناصر غذایی در شرایط یکسان و برابر پتانسیل اسمزی و ماتریک تعیین می‌نماید. بنابراین این تحقیق اثر مقادیر برابر پتانسیل ماتریک و اسمزی بر روی تغییرات برخی از عناصر غذایی جذب شده و نسبت آن‌ها را تحت سیستم‌های آبیاری کامل و بخشی ریشه، در برگ و ریشه گیاه ذرت مورد بررسی قرار می‌دهد.
مواد و روش‌ها: آزمایشات با فاکتورهای نوع پتانسیل (اسمزی، ماتریک و توأم (مجموع اسمزی و ماتریک) و سطح پتانسیل (46/0-، 12/1-، 91/1- و 63/3- بار) در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی در شرایط گلخانه‌ای بر روی گیاه ذرت در سه تکرار انجام شد. جهت اعمال تنش شوری و خشکی هم‌زمان بر دو نیمه ریشه یک گیاه، از یک ساختار جداکننده به منظور جداسازی ریشه به دو بخش در گلدان استفاده شد. برای ثابت نگه داشتن مکش ماتریک گلدان‌ها و زهکشی از تانسیومترهای دست‌ساز استفاده گردید.
یافته‌ها : بررسی تغییرات غلظت عناصر غذایی در برگ نشان داد که سیستم آبیاری بخشی ریشه در تیمار توأم، به ترتیب سبب کاهش 11و 7 درصدی غلظت N در سطح 12/1- و 19/1- بار نسبت به تیمار پتانسیل ماتریک در سطوح متناظر گردید. هم‌چنین غلظت P برگ در سطح 91/1- بار در تیمار توأم نسبت به سطح پتانسیلی متناظرآن در تیمار پتانسیل اسمزی و ماتریک به ترتیب 87 و 83 درصد و در سطح 63/3- بار نسبت به سطح پتانسیلی متناظرآن در تیمار پتانسیل اسمزی و ماتریک به ترتیب 91 و 95 درصد افزایش داشت. این در حالی بود که غلظت عناصر N، K، K/Nو K/Ca جذب شده در ریشه، تحت تأثیر اثر متقابل نوع و سطح پتانسیل و K/Mg تنها تحت تأثیر نوع پتانسیل قرار گرفتند. در سیستم آبیاری بخشی نیز تغییرات معنی‌دار N، K، K/N و K/Ca در بخش تحت تاثیر پتانسیل اسمزی و مجموع Ca و Mg در بخش تحت تاثیر پتانسیل ماتریک نسبت به آبیاری کامل ریشه مشاهده گردید.
نتیجه‌گیری: این بررسی نشان داد که در سطوح بالای پتانسیل اسمزی و ماتریک در تیمارهای توأم ، به علت وجود آب کافی در نیمی از ریشه، تغییرات عناصر غذایی جذب شده نسبت به تیمارهای مجزای اسمزی و ماتریک کم بوده و با کاهش سطوح پتانسیلی این تغییرات افزایش می‌یابد. در این حالت بیشترین تغییرات عناصر مربوط به بخش شوری از تیمار توأم می‌باشد. بنابراین کاهش سطح پتانسیل اسمزی در بخشی از ریشه در صورتی که با افزایش پتانسیل ماتریک در بخش دیگر ریشه همراه باشد می‌تواند سبب کاهش به هم‌خوردگی تعادل تغذیه‌ای گیاه گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the variations of Macronutrient in same osmotic and matric potential of complete and partial irrigation systems corn root

نویسندگان [English]

  • saeedeh marzvan 1
  • mohammad hosein mohammadi 2
  • farid shekari 3
1 Ph.D. student of Agricultural College, Zanjan University
2 associate professor of agricultural and natural resources campus of tehran
3 Associate Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: With increasing global warming, drought stress and salinity are considered as one of the most important problems in agriculture and soil management. These stresses will change the uptake of nutrients by the plant. In the nature, the plant is under salinity and drought in same time. However, few studies have been carried out on the contribution of each stresses to nutrient variation under mixed treatment. Therefore, this study examines the effects of same amounts of matric and osmotic potentials on variation in some nutrients and their ratios under full and partial irrigation systems in corn leaves and roots.
Materials and methods: Experiments with two factors consist of potential-type (osmotic, matric, and combined) and potential levels at four levels (-0.46, -1.12, -1.91, -3.63) performed on the basis of completely randomized design in greenhouse conditions. In order to apply salinity and drought stress to two parts of the root of a plant, a separator structure was used to separate the root into two parts in the pot. To fix the suction of the matric and pots drainage, a handmade tensiometer was used.
Results: The study of variations in nutrient concentration in leaves showed that the partial root irrigation system in the mixed treatment reduced by 11 and 7% concentration of N at levels of -1.12 and -19.9 bar, respectively, compared with the matric potential treatment. Also, P concentration of leaf in mixed treatment compared to the osmotic and matric potentials treatment respectively at level -1.91 bar was increased by 87% and 83%, respectively, and at level -3.63 bar 91% and 95%, respectively. However, the concentration of all nutrients studied in the root was influenced by type, potential level and interaction of these two factors except for phosphorus. In partial irrigation system, the significant variations of N, K, K / N and K / Ca in the section were affected by osmotic potential and total Ca and Mg in the section of matric potential compared with to full irrigation root.
Conclusion: This study showed that in high levels of osmotic and matrix potential in mixed treatments, due to the presence of sufficient water in half of the root, the changes in the nutritional elements are low compared to the isolated osmotic and matric treatments and increase with the potential reduction of these changes. In this case, the most variations in the elements are related to the salinity part the mixed treatment. Therefore, the reduction of the osmotic potential level in the root portion should be accompanied by increased matric potential in the other part of the root, so that it can reduce the nutritional balance of the plant.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Drought stress
  • Salinity stress
  • Root
  • Macro elements

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مجله مدیریت خاک و تولید پایدار
دوره 9، شماره 2
تیر 1398
صفحه 85-101

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