آلودگی عناصر سنگین در خاک‌های توسعه یافته روی سنگ‌های آذرین و رسوبی شمال غرب آذربایجان غربی

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه مهندسی و فناوری کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیامنور، تهران، ایران،

2 دانش آموخته گروه خاکشناسی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان،

3 استاد گروه خاکشناسی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: مقدار عناصر در خاک متأثر از مقدار آنها در ماده مادری و فرآیندهای ژئوشیمیایی و خاکسازی می‌باشد. مطالعات زیادی در مورد غلظت عناصر سنگین در مواد مادری مختلف و خاک‌های تشکیل شده از آنها در دنیا انجام شده‌ است. میانگین غلظت این عناصر در خاک‌ها تا حد زیادی مشابه میانگین غلظت آنها در مواد مادری می‌باشد و تفاوت بین غلظت عناصر در مواد مادری و خاک‌های تشکیل شده از آنها در شرایط طبیعی، نتیجه فرآیندهای خاکسازی می‌باشد. آلودگی خاک توسط فلزات سنگین در هر منطقه‌ای متأثر از مکان و تقریباً دائمی است، در این مطالعه به بررسی مقدار عناصر کمیاب در خاک‌های سطحی با مواد مادری متفاوت در شمال غرب آذربایجان غربی پرداخته شده است.
مواد و روش‌ها: غلظت برخی از عناصر کمیاب در 105 نمونه خاک سطحی از 8 توده سنگی مختلف در شمال غرب استان آذربایجان غربی (گرانیت، آندزیت، بازالت، اولترابازیک، مارن و ماسه سنگ، سازند قم، آهک و شیل) از موقعیت شیب پشتی و همچنین نمونه‌های سنگ پس از هضم با اسید نیتریک 5 نرمال توسط دستگاه جذب اتمی تعیین شد. از شاخص زمین انباشتگی (Igeo) برای تخمین آلودگی خاک به فلزات سنگین استفاده شد.
یافته‌ها: بیشترین مقدار رس در خاک‌های حاصل از آندزیت و بازالت و سپس سنگ‌های رسوبی مشاهده شد. در سنگ مادری آندزیت بیشترین مقادیر آهن (mg/kg 25/27231)، منگنز (mg/kg 730)، مس (mg/kg 5/28) و روی (mg/kg 25/50) کل مشاهده شد. بیشترین مقادیر نیکل (mg/kg 50/1937) کبالت (mg/kg 50/92) و کروم (mg/kg 786) در سنگ مادری اولترابازیک می‌باشد. بیشترین غلظت آهن کل در خاک‌های توسعه‌یافته روی سنگ مادری اولترابازیک (mg/kg 42/22062) و کمترین مقدار در خاک‌های توسعه یافته روی مواد مادری سازند قم (mg/kg 42/6885) مشاهده شد. غلظت‌های زیاد منگنز در خاک‌های توسعه یافته روی مواد مادری آذرین مشاهده شد. حداکثر غلظت مس کل در خاک‌های حاصل از آندزیت (mg/kg 17/53) و حداکثر میانگین غلظت روی کل در خاک‌های حاصل از سنگ گرانیت با mg/kg 75/67 مشاهده شد. بیشترین مقدار نیکل (mg/kg 1667)، کبالت (mg/kg 89/94) و کروم ( mg/kg09/304) در خاک‌های توسعه یافته روی مواد مادری اولترابازیک مشاهده شد. همبستگی مثبت و معنی‌داری بین غلظت آهن، منگنز، مس، نیکل، کبالت، و کروم در سطح احتمال یک درصد و برای روی در سطح احتمال 05/0 درصد در خاک و مواد مادری مشاهده شد.
نتیجه‌گیری: مواد مادری منشاء مهم ورود عناصر کمیاب در خاک‌های منطقه می‌باشد و آلودگی آهن در خاک‌های منطقه با توجه به مقدار آهن در خاک‌های جهانی مشاهده نشد، ولی برخی از خاک‌ها به عنصر منگنز آلوده‌اند. همچنین بیشتر خاک‌های منطقه به عنصر نیکل و حدود نیمی از خاک‌ها به عناصر کروم و کبالت طبق استاندارد خاک‌های ایران آلوده‌اند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Heavy metal contamination in soils developed on igneous and sedimentary rocks in northwest of west Azarbaijan province.

نویسندگان [English]

  • Maryam Yousefifard 1
  • Vali Adman 2
  • Shamsollah Aubi 3
1 Assistant Professor of Agriculture Engineering and Technology Department, College of Agriculture, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
2 Soil Science Department, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Respectively
3
چکیده [English]

Heavy metals contamination in soils developed on igneous and sedimentary rocks in northwest of west Azarbaijan province.

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Amount of elements in soil affected by parent materials and geochemical and pedogenesis processes. Many studies done about heavy metals concentration in different parent materials and developed soils on them in the world. Mean concentration of elements in soils are similar to mean concentration of them in parent materials, mostly. Difference between element concentrations in parent material and soils developed on them in natural conditions, is derived from pedogenesis processes. Due to the soil pollution with heavy metals is almost permanent and local in any region, this research done about trace element concentration in surface soils with different parent materials in northwest of west Azarbaijan province.

Materials and Methods: Concentration of some trace elements in 105 surface soil samples developed on 8 different rock mass (Granite, Andesite, Basalt, Ultrabasic, Marl and sand stone, Ghom formation, Lime and Shale) from back slope position, and also their concentration in rock samples in northwest of west Azarbaijan was determined by atomic absorption method. Geo- accumulation index used to estimation of soil contamination to heavy metals.

Results: Highest amount of clay was observed in soils derived from Andesite and Basalt and then sedimentary rocks. Highest amount of total Fe (27231.25 mg/kg), Mn (730 mg/kg), Cu (28.5 mg/kg) and Zn (50.25 mg/kg) was observed in Andesite rock. Total Ni (1937.50 mg/kg), Co (92.50 mg/kg) and Cr (786 mg/kg) is more in ultrabasic rock compared to other rocks. The highest and least concentration of soil total Fe was observed in soils developed on ultrabasic (22062.42 mg/kg) and Ghom formation (6885.42 mg/kg) parent materials, respectively. High Mn concentration is in soils derived from igneous rocks. The highest of Cu (53.17 mg/kg) and Zn (67.75 mg/kg) concentration was observed in soils developed on Andesite and Granite rocks, respectively. Amount of Ni (1667 mg/kg), Co (94.89 mg/kg) and Cr (304.09 mg/kg) in soils derived from ultrabasic parent material is more than others. Positive and significant correlation was observed between studied trace elements in soils and parent materials.
Conclusion: Significance of the entry of trace elements in region soils is parent materials. Fe pollution in soils was not observed compared to global soils, but some of soils were infected to Mn element. Also, most soils were affected to Ni and about of half of them to Cr and Co in the region according to Iran̕̕̕ʼs standard.

Keywords: Contamination, Trace elements, Igneous rock, Sedimentary rock, Surface soil.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Contamination
  • Trace elements
  • Igneous rock
  • Sedimentary rock
  • Surface soil

مراجع

1.Agarwal, S.K. 2009. Heavy Metal Pollution. APH Publishing Corp, New Delhi, 270p.
2.Aichberger, K. 1980. Schwermetallgehalte einiger Bodenprofile Oberosterrichs. Bodencultur 31: 215-227.
3.Alexander, E.B. 2004. Serpentine soil redness, differences among peridotite a serpentinite material, Klamath Mountains, California. International Geology Review. 46: 754-764.
4.Alloway, B.J. 1990. The Origins of Heavy Metals in Soils. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. Pp: 38-57.
5.Alloway, B.J., and Alloway, B. 1995. Heavy Metals in soils. 2nd ed. Glasgow. UK. 298p. 
6.Banat, K.M., Howari, F.M., and Al-Hamad, A.A. 2005. Heavy metals in urban soils of central Jordan: should we worry about their environmental risks? Environmental Research. 97: 258-273.
7.Bini, C., Dall Aglio, M., Ferretti, O.,and Gragnani, R. 1988. Background levels of microelements in soils of Italy. Environmental Geochemistry Health.10: 63-69.
8.Bradl, H. 2005. Heavy Metals in the Environment: Origin, Interaction and Remediation: Origin, Interaction and Remediation. Academic Press. Neubrucke, Germany.
9.Blaser, P., Zimmermann, S., Luster,J., and Shotyk, W. 2000. Critical examination of trace element enrichments and depletions in soils: As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in Swiss forest soils. Science Total Environment. 249: 257-280.
10.Caillaud, J., Proust, D., Philippe, S., Fontaine, C., and Fialin, M. 2009. Trace metals distribution from a serpentinite weathering at the scales of the weathering profile and its related weathering Microsystems and clay minerals. Geoderma. 149: 199-208.
11.D׳Amico, M., Julitta, F., Previtali, F., and Cantellim, D. 2008. Podzolization over ophiolitic materials in the western Alps (Natural 2013 Park of Mont Avic, Aosta Valley, Italy). Geoderma. 146: 129-137.
12.Department of environment. 2012. Quality standards for soil resources and its guides Tehran (Translated in Persian)
13.Facchinelli, A., Sacchi, E., and Mallen, L. 2001. Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal sources in soils. Environment Pollution. 114: 313-324.
14.Fergusson, L. 1989. The Heavy Elements: Chemistry, Environmental Impact and Health Effects. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 614p.
15.Förstner U., Ahlf, W., Calmano, W.,and Kersten M. 1990. Sediment Criteria Development. P 231-241.In: D., Heling, P., Rothe, U., Förstner,P. Stoffers (eds), Sediments and Environmental Geochemistry. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
16.Galan, E., Fernandez-Caliani, J.C., Gonzalez, I., Aparicio, P., and Romero, A. 2008. Influence of geological setting on geochemical baselines of trace elements in soils. Application to soils of South-West Spain. J. Geochem. Exp.98: 89-106.
17.Hardy, M., and Cornu, S. 2006. Location of natural trace elements in silty soils using particle-size fractionation. Geoderma. 133: 295-308.
18.Horckmans, L., Swennen, R., Deckers, J., and Maquil, R. 2005. Local background concentrations of trace elements in soils: a case study in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Catena. 59: 279-304.
19.Kabata, A., and Pendias, H. 2001. Trace elements in soils and plants, 3rd ed., CRC Press. 432p.
20.Kabata-Pendias, A. 2004. Soil-plant transfer of trace elements-an environment issue. Geoderma. 122: 143-149.
21.Kabata-Pendias, A., and Wiacek, K. 1985. Excessive uptake of heavy metals by plants from contaminated soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 36: 33-39.
22.Karami, M. 1393. Relative magnetic susceptibility with geochemical properties of some igneous rocks and developed soils on them in the south-east of Kurdistan province. Master's thesis. Agriculture collage. Isfahan University of Technology. (In Persian)
23.Klassen, R.A. 1998. Geological factors affecting the distribution of trace metals in glacial sediments of central Newfoundland. Environmental Geology. 33: 2/3. 154-169.
24.Latrille, C., Denaix, L., and Lamy, I. 2003. Interaction of copper and zinc with allophane and organic matter in the B horizon of an andosol. Euro. J. Soil Sci. 54: 357-364.
25.Manta, D.S., Angelone, M., Bellanca, A., Neri, R., and Sprovieria, M. 2002. Heavy metals in urban soils: a case study from the city of Palermo (Sicily), Italy. Science Total Environment.300: 229-243.
26.Mico, C., Recatala, L., Peris, M., and Sanchez, J. 2006. Assessing heavy metal sources in agricultural soils of a European Mediterranean area by multivariate analysis. Chemosphere.65: 863-872.
27.Moresi, M., and Mongelli, G. 1988. The relation between the terra rossa and the carbonate-free residue of the underlying limestone and doldstone in Apulica, Italy. Clay Minerals. 23: 439-446.
28.Muller, G. 1969. Index of geo accumulation in the sediments of the Rhine River. Geography. 2: 108-118.
29.Plaster, R.W., and Sherwood, W.C. 1971. Bedrock Weathering and residual soil formation in central Virginia. Geology Society America Bulletin.82: 2813-2826.
30.Presant, E. 1971. Geochemistry of iron, manganese, lead, copper, zinc, arsenic, antimony, silver, tin, and cadmium
in the soils of the Bathurst area.New Brunswick Department of Energy, Mines and Resources. 302p.
31.Proctor, J., and Baker, A.J.M. 1994. The importance of nickel for plant growth in ultramafic (serpentinic) soils. P 417-432. In: S.M. Ross (ed.), Toxic metals in soil-plant systems. John Wiley and Sons. UK.
32.Salminen, R., and Tarvainen, T. 1997. The problem of defining geochemical baselines. A case study of selected elements and geological materials in Finland. J. Geochem. Exp. 60: 91-98.
33.Salvador-Blanes, S., Cornu, S., Bourennane, H., and King, D. 2006. Controls of the spatial variability of
Cr concentration in topsoils of a central French landscape. Geoderma. 132: 143-157.
34.Shacklette, H.T., and Boerngen, J.G. 1984. Element concentrations in soils and other surficial materials of the conterminous, United States. United States Government Printing Office, Washington. 105p.
35.Sheklabadi, M. 1379. Investigation of the relative erosion of some of the geological formations and its relationship with a number of physical and chemical properties of soils in Golabad watershed. Master's thesis. College of Agriculture. Isfahan University of Technology. (In Persian)
36.Singh, B.R., and Steinnes, E. 1994. Soil and water contamination by heavy metals. P 233-271. In: R. Lai and B.A. Stewart (eds.). Soil Proc. Water Quality. 212p.
37.Smith, K.A., and Mullins, C.E.1991. Soil and Environmental analysis: physical methods Marcel Dekker,New York. 651p.
38.Sposito, G., Lund, L., and Change, A. 1982. Trace metal chemistry in arid-zone field soils amended with sewage sludge: I. Fractionation of Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in solid phases. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 46: 260-264.
39.Swartjes, F.A. 1999. Risk-based assessment of soil and groundwater quality in the Netherlands: Standards and Remediation Urgency. Risk Analysis. 19: 1235-1249.
40.Ure, A., and Bacon, J. 1978. Comprehensive analysis of soils and rocks by spark-source mass spectrometry. Analyst. 103: 807-822.
41.Wright, J.S. 2007. An overview of the role of weathering in the production of quartz silt. Sediment Geology.202: 237-351.
42.Xing, B., and Dudas, M.J. 1993. Trace and rare element content of white clay soils of the Three River Plain, Heilongjiang Province, P.R. China. Geoderma. 58: 181-199.
 43.Xing, M.L., Jianjun, W.V., and Jiangming, X.U. 2006. Characterizing the risk assessment of heavy metal and sampling uncertaintly analysis in paddy field by geostatistics and GIS. Environment pollution. 41: 279-289.
44.Yousefifard, M. 1391. Evolution of soils developed on some igneous rocks in northwestern Iran. PhD thesis. College of Agriculture. Isfahan University of Technology. (In Persian)
مجله مدیریت خاک و تولید پایدار
دوره 9، شماره 2
تیر 1398
صفحه 103-119

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار