بررسی اثر سیستم‏های مختلف خاکورزی بر فعالیت بیولوژیکی و آنزیمی خاک

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

2 دانشیار گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان،

3 دانشیار آبیاری و زهکشی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان گلستان،

4 استاد گروه زراعت، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان،

5 استادیار گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

چکیده

چکیده
سابقه و هدف: در سال‌های اخیر استفاده از روش‌های خاکورزی حفاظتی در دنیا بسیار مورد توجه قرار گرفته و استفاده از روش خاکورزی مرسوم در برخی از نقاط دنیا منسوخ شده است. سیستم‌های خاک- ورزی حفاظتی معمولا در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک اجرا می‏شود. در مناطق نیمه خشک کلید افزایش تولید گیاهان زراعی به حداکثر رساندن نفوذ آب‌های سطحی است. بعلاوه، تکنیک‏هایی که منجر به کاهش تبخیر از خاک در هنگام خشکی و افزایش مقدار آب در دسترس گیاهان می‌شود، بسیار حائز اهمیت می‏باشند. روشهای مرسوم خاکورزی با افزایش هزینه‏های انرژی، موجبات فرآیندهای تخریب و تحلیل منابع آب و خاک را فراهم می‌کنند و دراز مدت روی ویژگی‌های خاک اثر نامطلوب می‌گذارد و سبب تشکیل لایه‏های سخت می‏گردد. سهم متابولیک و سهم میکروبی از جمله شاخص‏های اکوفیزیولوژیک هستند که برای تعیین وضعیت میکروبی خاک مورد ارزیابی قرار می‌گیرند.
مواد و ورش‏ها: این تحقیق در سال 1394 به منظور بررسی اثر سیستم‏های مختلف خاکورزی بر فعالیت‏های زیستی خاک در استان گلستان اجرا شد. در این مطالعه در مرحله اول سه منطقه از استان گلستان در حوزه گرگانرود و در شهرستان‌های گنبد، کردکوی و بندرگز انتخاب شدند. از هر کدام از این مدیریت‌ها تعداد 30 نمونه از عمق 0-30 سانتیمتری گرفته پس از آن خصوصیات بیولوژیکی خاک از قبیل تنفس میکروبی خاک، بیوماس میکروبی، فعالیت آنزیم‏های اوره‏آز، آلکالین فسفاتاز، اسید فسفاتاز، دهیدروژناز و سلولاز اندازه گیری شد. آزمایش به صورت بلوک‏های کاملا تصادفی با سه تکرار اجرا شد.
یافته‏ها: نتایج نشان داد اثر تیمار خاکورزی در سه منطقه گنبد، کردکوی و بندرگز بر صفات تنفس میکروبی، فسفاتاز قلیایی، فسفاتاز اسیدی، اوره آز، سلولاز و دهیدروژناز معنی‏دار شد، ولی در منطقه گنبد بر زیست توده میکروبی اثر معنی داری نداشت. نتایج مقایسه میانگین داده‏ها نشان داد فعالیت بیولوژیکی خاک در سه منطقه مورد مطالعه تحت تأثیر سیستم‏های مختلف خاکورزی قرار گرفت. در هر سه منطقه مورد مطالعه میزان تنفس در سیستم شخم مرسوم بیشتر از سیستم بدون شخم و شخم حفاظتی بود. در حالی که در سیستم بدون شخم به دلیل کاهش تجزیه مواد آلی میزان زیست توده میکروبی بیشتر از دو سیستم دیگر بود. با توجه به اینکه در مناطق مختلف میزان فعالیت آنزیمی در سیستم‏های مختلف با هم اختلافاتی داشت ولی نتایج نشان داد که میزان فعالیت آنزیم‏های فسفاتاز قلیایی و اسیدی، اوره‏آز و سلولاز در منطقه گنبد در سیستم حفاظتی از دو سیستم دیگر بیشتر بود در حالی که در منطقه کردکوی فعالیت این آنزیم‏ها در سیستم حفاظتی کمتر از دو سیستم دیگر بود. در دو منطقه کردکوی و بندرگز نیز میزان فعالیت آنزیم دهیدروژناز در سیستم شخم حفاظتی بیشتر از دو سیستم دیگر بود در حالی که در منطقه گنبد میزان فعالیت این آنزیم در سیستم بدون شخم بیشتر از دو سیستم دیگر بود.
نتیجه‏گیری: سیستم‏‌های خاکورزی مختلف بر میزان فعالیت بیولوژیکی و آنزیمی خاک اثر دارند که این فعالیت نیز وابسته به منطقه بود به طوری که بیوماس میکروبی خاک با کاهش میزان رطوبت و مواد آلی خاک کاهش یافت. همچنین با توجه به نتایج این مطالعه مشخص شد که سیستم شخم مرسوم از نظر فعالیت‏های بیولوژیکی و آنزیمی خاک در هر سه منطقه به خصوص منطقه گنبد کارایی کمتری داشته و سیستم‏های بدون شخم و حفاظتی دارای کارایی بیشتری بودند هر چند که در مناطق مختلف این وضعیت متفاوت بود.
واژه‏های کلیدی: خاکورزی، فعالیت آنزیمی، شخم حفاظتی و مواد آلی

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of different tillage systems on the biological and enzymatic activity of soil

نویسندگان [English]

  • saeedeh sadeghi 1
  • farshad kiani 2
  • M.esmaeil asadi 3
  • Bahnam Kamkar 4
  • soheila ebrahimi 5
1 Ph.D. student of Soil Science Gorgan university of agricultural science and natural resources. Iran,Golestan
2 Associate Professor and Faculty Member of Soil Science Department, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
3 Associate Professor and Academic Member of the Technical and Engineering Department of Golestan Province Soil and Water Research Institute
4 Professor and Faculty Member of Agriculture Science, Department of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
5 Assistant Professor and Faculty Member of Soil Science Department, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
چکیده [English]

Abstract

Background and objectives: In recent years, the use of conservation tillage methods in the world has been widely considered and the use of conventional tillage methods has become obsolete in some parts of the world. Soil conservation tillage systems in arid and semi-arid usually runs. In semi-arid areas, the key to increasing the production of crops is to maximize the penetration of superficial waters. In addition, techniques that lead to a decrease in evaporation from the soil and increase the amount of water available to plants when drought occurs, they are very important. Conventional tillage methods, by increasing energy costs, lead to processes of degradation and reduction of water and soil resources, and long-term effects on soil properties produce undesirable effects and cause the formation of hard layers. The metabolic share and microbial contribution are among the ecophysiological indices that are evaluated to determine the microbial status of the soil.
Materials and methods: This research was conducted in 2015 to investigate the effect of different tillage systems on soil biological activity in Golestan province. In this study, in the first stage, three regions were selected from Golestan province in the Gorganroud basin and in the cities of Gonbad, Kordkuy and Bandargaz. From each of these managements, 30 samples were taken at depths of 0-30 cm. Then biological soil properties such as soil microbial respiration, microbial biomass, urease, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, dehydrogenase and cellulase activity Measured. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized block with three replications.
Results :The results showed that the effect of tillage treatment in three areas of Gonbad, Kordkuy and Bandargaz on microbial respiration traits, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, urease, cellulase and dehydrogenase was significant, but there was no significant effect on microbial biomass in Gonbad region. The results of the comparison of mean values indicated that soil biological activity was affected by different tillage systems in the three studied areas. In all three studied areas, the rate of respiration in conventional tillage systems was higher than that of no-till and conservation tillage systems. While in the no-till system, due to reduced organic matter decomposition, the amount of microbial biomass was higher than the other two systems. Considering the differences in enzymatic activity in different regions in different systems, the results showed that alkaline and acid phosphatase enzymes activity, urease and cellulase activity in the Gonbad region in the conservation tillage system was higher than of two other systems While in the Kurdkuy region the activity of these enzymes in the conservation tillage system was less than the other two systems. In the Kurdkuy and Bandargaz regions, the activity of the dehydrogenase enzyme in the conservation tillage system was more than the other two systems, while in the Gonbad region the activity of this enzyme in the no-till system was more than the other two systems.
Conclusion: Different tillage systems affect the level of biological and enzymatic activity of the soil, which was also dependent on the area, so that the microbial biomass of the soil decreased with decreasing moisture content and soil organic matter.
Also, according to the results of this study, it was determined that the conventional tillage s system in terms of biological and enzymatic activities in all three areas, especially the Gonbad area, had less efficiency and more efficient no-till and conservation tillage systems, although in areas the different situations were different.
Key words: tillage, enzymatic activity, conservation tillage and organic matter

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Key words: tillage
  • enzymatic activity
  • conservation tillage and organic matter

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مجله مدیریت خاک و تولید پایدار
دوره 9، شماره 2
تیر 1398
صفحه 151-164

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