اثر کاربرد بیوچارهای مختلف و مواد اولیه آن‌‌ها بر رشد گیاه ذرت و فراهمی پتاسیم در یک خاک آهکی

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد،مربی پژوهش بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مشهد، ایران،

2 دانشیار گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد،

3 دانشیار گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، استاد گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد،

4 استاد گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان

5 استاد بخش تحقیقات بیولوژی خاک مؤسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی

چکیده

چکیده
سابقه و هدف: امروزه استفاده از بیوچار در مدیریت پایدار حاصلخیزی خاک به عنوان یک تفکر راهبردی چند منظوره و سازگار با محیط زیست، توجه بسیاری از محققین را در سطح جهانی به خود معطوف کرده است. با توجه به اثرات بارز و در عین حال متفاوت مشاهده شده از بیوچارهای مختلف در افزایش کربن آلی خاک ، غلظت قابل استفاده برخی عناصر غذایی و رشد گیاه، ضروری است قبل از استفاده گسترده از هر نوع بیوچاری، واکنش گیاه نسبت به آن، مورد بررسی قرار گیرد. در همین راستا در تحقیق حاضر تأثیر مصرف سه نوع بیوچار مختلف و مواد اولیه آن‌ها، بر فراهمی پتاسیم و رشد گیاه ذرت، مورد مطالعه قرار‌گرفت.
مواد و روش‌ها: این تحقیق به صورت آزمایشگاهی و گلخانه‌ای در قالب دو طرح کاملا تصادفی انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایش در هردو بخش گلخانه‌ای و آزمایشگاهی عبارت بودند از: شاهد(بدون مصرف ماده آلی)، کمپوست زباله شهری، لجن فاضلاب، کود گاوی و بیوچارهای آن‌ها. در بخش آزمایشگاهی، اثرتیمارها بر پتاسیم قابل استفاده خاک و پارامترهای کمیت –شدت پتاسیم بررسی شد. دربخش گلخانه‌ای، اثر تیمارها بر رشد گیاه، غلظت و جذب پتاسیم در گیاه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. با استفاده از نتایج هر دو بخش، ارتباط بین پتاسیم قابل استفاده خاک با پارامترهای کمیت – شدت پتاسیم و روابط بین پارامترهای گیاهی با پتاسیم قابل استفاده خاک مورد بررسی قرار‌گرفت.
یافته‌ها: کود گاوی و بیوچار آن با ایجاد افزایش بیشتری در پارامترهای کمیت-شدت پتاسیم، سبب افزایش پتاسیم قابل استفاده خاک نسبت به شاهد شدند. در حالی که لجن فاضلاب و بیوچار آن با ایجاد افزایش کمتری در پارامترهای کمیت- شدت پتاسیم، پتاسیم قابل استفاده خاک را به مقدار کمتری افزایش دادند. کمپوست زباله شهری و بیوچار آن از لحاظ تاثیر بر پارامترهای کمیت-شدت پتاسیم و ایجاد افزایش در پتاسیم قابل استفاده خاک در بین این دو، قرار داشتند. در مجموع، ترتیب کلی تیمارها از لحاظ افزایش فراهمی پتاسیم، به صورت زیر بود: 1-بیوچار کود گاوی 2-کود گاوی 3- بیوچار کمپوست زباله شهری 4-کمپوست زباله شهری 5-بیوچار لجن فاضلاب و لجن فاضلاب، 6-شاهد. با این حال با توجه به وابستگی رشد گیاه به عوامل متعددی فراتر از پتاسیم قابل استفاده خاک، ترتیب تیمارها در بهبود شرایط رشد گیاه با ترتیب تیمارها در افزایش فراهمی پتاسیم، مطابقت نداشت. ترتیب برتری تیمارها در بهبود شرایط رشد گیاه و افزایش وزن خشک گیاه به صورت زیر استنتاج شد: 1-کودگاوی 2-بیوچار لجن فاضلاب و لجن فاضلاب 3- بیوچار کمپوست زباله شهری 4-بیوچارکودگاوی 5-شاهد وکمپوست زباله شهری.
نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به برتری بیوچار کمپوست زباله شهری نسبت به کمپوست زباله شهری از هر دو جنبه تاثیر بر فراهمی پتاسیم و تاثیر بر وزن خشک گیاه، می‌توان در شرایط مشابه آزمایش، مصرف بیوچار کمپوست زباله شهری را بر مصرف کمپوست زباله شهری ترجیح داد. با توجه به کاهش رشد گیاه در بیوچار کود گاوی نسبت به کود گاوی و در عین حال برتری بیوچار کود گاوی از لحاظ تاثیر بر فراهمی پتاسیم، و با توجه به خصوصیات آن، به نظر می‌رسد که در مصرف بیوچار کود گاوی بایستی ملاحظاتی نظیر شوری و موازنه عناصر غذایی با دقت بیشتری مورد توجه قرار گرفته و مدیریت شود. علیرغم تشابه بیوچار لجن فاضلاب با لجن فاضلاب در افزایش رشد گیاه و مقدار پتاسیم قابل استفاده، با توجه به بالاتر بودن ظرفیت بافری بالقوه پتاسیم در این بیوچار و در نتیجه احتمال تداوم بیشتر تامین پتاسیم قابل استفاده توسط آن، می‌توان در شرایط مشابه آزمایش، مصرف این بیوچار را بر مصرف لجن فاضلاب ترجیح داد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

the effects of biochars and their feedstock on corn growth and k-availability in a calcareous soil.

نویسندگان [English]

  • majid forouhar 1
  • Reza Khorassani 2
  • Amir fotovat 3
  • Hossein Shariatmadari 4
  • Kazem Khawazi 5
1 Ph.D. Student of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and Instructor of Soil and Water Research Department, Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resource Research and Education Center, AREEO, Mashhad, Iran.
2 Associate professor of soil science. Department of Soil Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Iran.
3 Professor of Soil Science. Department of Soil Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Iran
4 Professor of Soil Science. Department of Soil Science, Isfahan University of Technology.
5 Professor of Soil Science. Department of Soil Biology. Soil and Water Research Institute. AREEO. Iran.
چکیده [English]

Abstract
Background and objectives: Today, the use of biochar in the sustainable management of soil fertility, has been drawing the attention of the scientists as a multi-purpose and environmentally friendly strategic idea. There are several scientific reports implying the outstanding positive effect of biochar on soil fertility and plant growth. On the contrary, some inconsistent reports have mentioned negative or no effect of biochar. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the effect of any biochar on the soil and plant before any widespread use of any kind. In the present study, the effect of three different biochar and their raw materials on potassium availability and corn growth was studied.
Materials and methods: The study was carried out as a two-part-experiment, including laboratory and greenhouse parts. In both parts of the study, treatments included the control (soil without any biochar or its feedstock), Municipal Waste Compost (MWC), Biochar of Municipal Waste Compost (BMWC), Sewage Sludge (SS), Biochar of Sewage Sludge (BSS), Cow Manure (CM), and Biochar of Cow Manure (BCW). In each study, application rates of treatments to the soil, were 1% w/w. In the laboratory part, the effects of the treatments on available-K and parameters of Quantity/Intensity (Q/I) ratio of potassium were investigated. Also the effects of the treatments on plant growth, K-concentration and K-content of corn were investigated in the greenhouse part.
Results: The CM and its biochar, highly increased the available-K by highly increasing the potassium-Q/I parameters compared to the control. While the SS and its biochar lightly increased the available-K by lightly increasing the potassium-Q/I parameters. The CMW and its biochar, intermediately increased the available-K by intermediately increasing the potassium-Q/I parameters compared to the control. Treatments could improve could improve the growth, k-concentration and k-content of corn compared to the control, excepting of MWC in the case of the plant growth, and SS and BSS in the case of k-concentration. Totally, the descending order of treatments in terms of increasing K-availability was as the follows: 1-BCM, 2- CM, 3-BMWC, 4-MWC, 5-SS and BSS, 6-control. The descending order of treatments in improving plant growth conditions and increasing dry weight of the plant was as the follows: 1-CM, 2-BSS and SS, 3- BMWC, 4- BCM, 5- Control and MWC.
Conclusion: Considering the superiority of BMWC to MWC, in terms of affecting on K- availability and plant dry weight, BMWC can be preferred to MWC. Considering the superiority of BCM to CM in terms of the effect on K-availability, K- concentration and content of plant compared to the control, meanwhile its decreasing effect on plant growth compared to CM, it seems that some considerations such as salinity and nutritional balance must be carefully considered and managed in the case of BCM application. Despite the similarity of BSS and SS in terms of increasing plant growth, BSS application can be preferred to SS because of the more value of PBCK, and consequently, the more continuously K-supply.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Organic amendments
  • Cow manure
  • municipal waste compost
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