اثر روش‌های خاک‌ورزی حفاظتی و متداول بر جمعیت ماکروفون خاک در تناوب گندم-ذرت در منطقه زرقان

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

استادیار بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب و بخش تحقیقات گیاه پزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان فارس، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، زرقان، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: تغییرات در مدیریت خاک می‌تواند بر تولید محصول اثرات مثبت و یا منفی بگذارد که تحت تاثیر عواملی از جمله منطقه، تناوب زراعی، خصوصیات خاک، شدت خاک‌ورزی و هم‌چنین تنوع گونه‌ای خاک قرار می‌گیرد. اطلاعات کمی درباره پاسخ و واکنش موجودات خاک به تغییرات خاک‌ورزی وجود دارد. پژوهش‌ها نشان داده است که اجرای سامانه‌های خاک‌ورزی حفاظتی می‌تواند موجودات خاک و دشمنان طبیعی آن‌ها را تحت تاثیر قرار دهد که به دلیل تغییر در حاصلخیزی خاک و دسترسی به خُرد زیستگاه‌های بیشتر می‌باشد. بنابراین، این پژوهش با هدف بررسی اثرات سامانه‌های خاک‌ورزی حفاظتی و رایج بر جمعیت ماکروفون و تنوع گونه‌ای خاک در تناوب گندم (Triticum aestivum L.)-ذرت (Zea mays L.) انجام شد.
مواد وروش‌ها: به منظور بررسی اثر خاک‌ورزی (خاک‌ورزی رایج، کم خاک‌ورزی و بی خاک‌ورزی) و بقایای ذرت (حفظ بقایا و حذف تمام بقایا) بر فراوانی جمعیت ماکروفون خاک در تناوب گندم -ذرت، پژوهشی مزرعه‌ای در دو فصل زراعی (96-1395) به صورت کرت‌های یک بار خُرد شده با سه تکرار در زرقان استان فارس اجرا شد. برای نمونه‌برداری از جمعیت ماکروفون خاک از تله‌های خاکی و برای تعیین مقادیر شاخص‌های تنوع گونه‌ای از نرم افزار پست استفاده شد. کلیه محاسبات آماری با استفاده از نرم‌افزار سس انجام گرفت و برای مقایسه میانگین‌‌ها از آزمون چند دامنه‌ای دانکن در سطح 5 درصد استفاده شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که حفظ بقایای گیاهی در کشت ذرت نسبت به گندم جمعیت ماکروفون خاک را بیش از 6 درصد افزایش داد. کاهش عملیات خاک‌ورزی و حفظ بقایای گیاهی اثر مثبتی بر فعالیت ماکروفون خاک داشت به گونه‌ای که جمعیت ماکروفون خاک با عملیات کم خاک‌ورزی و بی خاک‌ورزی نسبت به سامانه خاک‌ورزی رایج حدود 1 برابر افزایش یافت. در شرایط حفظ بقایای گیاهی شاخص شانون برای سامانه‌های بی خاک‌ورزی، کم خاک‌ورزی و خاک‌ورزی رایج به ترتیب 88/1، 91/1، 92/1، سیمپسون 83/0، 84/0، 85/0 و برگر-پارکر 31/0، 28/0، 25/0 تعیین شد. بیشترین مقدار شاخص هیل در کشت گندم و ذرت (به ترتیب 68/0 و 71/0) در سامانه خاک‌ورزی متداول (رایج) و حذف بقایای گیاهی به دست آمد.
نتیجه‌گیری: اگر چه طیف گسترده‌ای از پاسخ‌ها در میان گونه‌های مختلف وجود داشت، اما بیشترین فراوانی ماکروفون خاک در سامانه کم خاک‌ورزی و حفظ بقایای گیاهی در مقایسه با خاک‌ورزی رایج و بی خاک‌ورزی حاصل شد که دلیل آن افزایش تنوع در خُرد زیستگاه-های طبیعی در خاک در نتیجه حفظ بقایا و کاهش عملیات خاک‌ورزی می‌باشد. بطور‌کلی، درک بهتر از اثر روش‌های مختلف خاک‌ورزی و مدیریت بقایا بر ماکروفون خاک، به منظور شناخت روابط میان ماکروفون خاک و دشمنان طبیعی آن‌ها با گیاهان زراعی در توسعه راهکارهای مدیریت آفات به عنوان جزئی مهم در پایداری برنامه‌های کشاورزی محسوب می‌گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Conservation and Conventional Tillage Methods on Soil Macro-Fauna Population in Wheat-Corn Rotation in Zarghan Region

نویسندگان [English]

  • jahanbakhsh mirzavand
  • Hossein Pezhman
Assistant Professor, Soil and Water Research Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Zarghan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Soil management changes can have either negative or positive impacts on crop production, depending on many factors including region, rotation, soil properties, tillage intensity, and at the same time, alter soil fauna diversity. Little attention has been paid to the response of soil fauna to changes in soil tillage methods. Results showed that soil fauna groups and natural enemies affected by conservation tillage resulting in changed soil fertility and small habitats accessibility. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of conservation and conventional tillage on soil macro-fauna communities and species diversity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-corn (Zea mays L.) rotation.
Materials and methods: In order to evaluate the effects of soil tillage methods (conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), and No-Till (NT)) and crop residue (residue returned and exported) on soil macro-fauna in a wheat-corn rotation, a 1-year field experiment (two growing seasons) was conducted in 2016-2017 based on split-plot design in three replications, in Zarghan, Fars province. Sampling was done by pitfall traps and species diversity indices were measured using Past software. Data were collected and performed with the function of split plot design using SAS 9.3 software. Means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range test at 5% probability level.
Results: Results showed that soil macro-fauna abundance increased up to 6% in corn cultivation compared to wheat, when plant residue returned. Soil macro-fauna abundance was positively affected by conservation tillage and residue retention, so that applying RT and NT systems increased soil macro-fauna compared to CT system approximately one time. Shannon index in NT, RT and CT systems were 1.88, 1.91 and 1.92, while Simpson and Berger-parker indices were 0.83, 0.84, 0.85 and 0.31, 0.28, 0.25, respectively, when residue returned. The highest Hill index (0.68 and 0.71) was obtained by CT system and plant residue removing in wheat and corn, respectively.
Conclusions: Although there is a wide range of responses among different species, most macro-fauna groups have greater abundance in RT system and residue retention compared to CT and NT systems due to increasing and creating diverse habitats on the soil as a result of plant residue retention and reducing soil tillage operations. Overall, greater knowledge of different soil tillage methods and residue management effects on soil macro-fauna groups will allow for a better understanding of interactions between soil macro-fauna and natural enemies with crops and would aid the development of pest management strategies as components of sustainable agricultural programs.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Conservation agriculture
  • Species diversity
  • Small habitat
  • Reduced tillage

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