کارایی آنزیم‌های برون یاخته ای فسفاتاز و اوره آز خاک و شناسه کارایی آنزیمی در خاک-های تیمار شده با بهسازهای آلی و کانی در برابر پادزیست‌های جنتامایسین، اکسی تتراسایکلین و پنی سیلین

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری ،گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشگاه بوعلی‌سینا همدان

2 استاد ،گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشگاه بوعلی‌سینا همدان

چکیده

مقدمه و هدف: پادزیست‌های دامپزشکی از راه کاربرد در دامپروری و کودهای جانوری به زمین‌های کشاورزی می‌رسند که این زمین‌ها می‌توانند خاستگاه پخش آن در زیستگاه‌های آبی و خاک باشد. در پی افزایش کاربرد پادزیست‌ها در کشور ، هدف پژوهش کنونی شناخت و ارزیابی پیامد رها شدن پادزیست‌های پرکاربرد در خاک (با و بدون بهسازهای آلی و کانی)، بر کارایی آنزیم‌های برون یاخته‌ای فسفاتاز قلیایی و اوره‌آز و شناسه‌های پایداری و بازگشت‌پذیری آنها و همچنین شناسه چگونگی زیستی خاک در یک بازه زمانی 90-روزه بوده است.
مواد و روش‌ها: در این پژوهش پیامد رها شدن پادزیست‌های پرکاربرد در خاک (جنتامایسین، اکسی‌تتراسایکلین و پنی‌سیلین) در اندازه‌های گوناگون (50، 100 و 200 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم خاک خشک) با و بدون بهسازهای آلی و کانی (کود گاوی، بیوچار و نانوزئولیت) بر کارایی آنزیم‌های فسفاتاز قلیایی و اوره‌آز خاک و شناسه‌های پایداری و بازگشت پذیری آنها و همچنین شناسه چگونگی کارایی آنزیم‌های خاک در سه بازه زمانی 7-1، 30-7 و 90-30 روز در زمان گرماگذاری 90-روزه با طرح اسپلیت-فاکتوریل ارزیابی شد.
یافته‌ها: در خاک بدون بهساز، کاربرد پادزیست جنتامایسین با اندازه 200 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم مایه کاهش 9/68 درصدی کارایی آنزیم فسفاتاز قلیایی در برابر گواه (شاهد بدون کاربرد پادزیست) گردید، ولی اندازه کاهش کارایی آنزیم در خاک با دارای اکسی‌تتراسایکلین با اندازه 200 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم و در تیمارهای گواه (بدون بهساز)، کاربرد بهساز کود گاوی، بیوچار و نانوزئولیت در برابر خاک بدون آن به ترتیب 5/17، 8/13، 5/17 و 16 درصد بود. کارایی آنزیم اوره‌آز در بازه زمانی 90-30 روز روند افزایشی داشته و بیشترین اندازه کارایی آنزیم در زمان انکوباسیون 90-روز اندازه‌گیری شد. برپایه یافته‌ها، پاسخ‌دهی آنزیم‌ها ناهمانند بود، به گونه ای که پادزیست پنی‌سیلین و اکسی‌تتراسایکلین پیامد بد چندانی بر کارایی آنزیم فسفاتاز قلیایی خاک نداشتند. از سوی دیگر جنتامایسین و اکسی‌تتراسایکلین در همه اندازه‌های بکاررفته پیامد چشم‌گیری بر کارایی آنزیم اوره آز خاک داشتند. با نگر به پاسخدهی بالای فسفاتاز قلیایی به پادزیست جنتامایسین، کاربرد بهسازها کارایی چندانی در بهبود شناسه پایداری این آنزیم در خاک‌های با کاربرد جنتامایسین نداشت و به همین ترتیب کاربرد بهسازها کارایی چندانی در بهبود شناسه پایداری آنزیم اوره‌آز در خاک‌های با کاربرد اکسی‌تتراسایکلین نداشت. یافته ها نشان می-دهند که با افزایش اندازه کاربرد پادزیست‌ها از اندازه بازگشت‌پذیری کارایی آنزیم‌ها کاسته شد و بیشترین بازگشت پذیری کارایی در اندازه کاربرد 50 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم دیده شد. همچنین آنزیم اورئاز بیشترین بازگشت‌پذیری کارایی را در تیمارهای پنی‌سیلین و سپس جنتامایسین و در پایان در اکسی تتراسایکلین داشت.
نتیجه گیری: این پژوهش نشان داد که کاربرد بهسازها، بویژه کود گاوی و زغال زیستی آن، ویژگی خاک را بهبود بخشیده و توان پایداری ریزجانداران را در برابر پادزیست‌ها، هتا در اندازه های بالا را افزایش داد. پاسخدهی آنزیم‌ها ناهمانند بود، به گونه ای که پادزیست اکسی‌تتراسایکلین پیامد بد چندانی بر کارایی آنزیم فسفاتاز قلیایی خاک نداشت ولی پادزیست پنی‌سیلین پیامد چشم‌گیری بر کارایی آنزیم اوره‌آز خاک نداشت. روهم‌رفته این پژوهش نشان داد که کاربرد بهسازها می‌تواند از پیامد زهری پادزیست‌ها کاسته و مایه افزایش شناسه-های پایداری و بازگشت‌پذیری کارایی آنزیم‌های خاک و بهبود چگونگی کارایی آنزیم‌ها در خاک‌های تیمار شده با پادزیست گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Efficiency of Soil Extracellular Enzymes in Soils Treated by Organic and Mineral Conditioners Against Mostly Applied Veterinary Antibiotics (Gentamicin, Oxytetracycline and Penicillin)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mehdi Rashtbari 1
  • Ali Akbar Safari Sinegani 2
1 Soil Science College of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University. Hamadan, Iran
2 Soil Science College of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University. Hamadan
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Veterinary antibiotics enter into agricultural soils through application in animal husbandry and manures where these soils could be the source of dissemination of antibiotics in soil and water habitats. Owing to increasing antibiotic applications in our country, the aim of present study was to understanding and evaluating the consequences of mostly applied antibiotics in soil (with and without organic and mineral conditioners) on extracellular enzymes activity, alkaline phosphatase and urease, and their resistance and resilience indices as well as mean soil enzyme activity, in a 90-day incubation period.
Materials and Methods: In the present study, the impact of releasing mostly applied antibiotics in soil (control (without antibiotic), gentamicin, oxytetracycline and penicillin) at different concentrations (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg dry soil) with and without organic and mineral conditioners (manure, biochar and nano-zeolite) on efficiency of soil alkaline phosphatase and urease enzymes and their resistance and resilience indices as well as enzymes efficiency index at 1-7, 7-30 and 30-90 days of a 90-day incubation as split-factorial design in which soil conditioners were as main plots and antibiotics and their concentrations were secondary plots.
Results: In treatments without conditioner application, gentamicin at 200 mg/kg concentration caused 68.9 percent decrease in alkaline phosphatase efficiency compared to control (without antibiotic), however, decreasing enzyme activity in soil treated by 200 mg/kg oxytetracycline at control (without conditioner), application of manure, biochar and nano-zeolite compared to control (without antibiotic) was 17.5, 13.8, 17.5 and 16 percent, respectively. Urease enzyme efficiency at 30-90 days had an increasing trend and the highest enzyme activity recorded at this time period. Based on the results, measured enzymes had different responses, so that penicillin and oxytetracycline had not such a considerable impact of soil alkaline phosphatase activity. While, gentamicin and oxytetracycline at all applied concentrations, had significantly negative impact on soil urease activity. Considering the great responsivene of alkaline phosphatase to gentamicin antibiotic, application of soil conditioners had no significant efficiency in improving resistance of this enzyme in gentamicin treated soils. also, application of soil conditioners had no significant impact on increasing resistance index of urease enzyme in oxytetracycline applied soils. results show that increasing application amout of antibiotics caused decrease in soil enzymes activity and highest enzymes resilience observed in 50 mg/kg antibiotic concentration. Also results showed that urease enzyme had the highest resilience indec in penicillin application treatments followed by gentamicin and then oxytetracycline treatments.
Conclusion: Present study showed that application of conditioners, especially manure and its biochar improved soil properties and increased soil microorganisms’ resistance against antibiotics, even at higher concentrations. There was difference among responsiveness of studied enzymes, so that oxytetracycline had no significant impact on soil alkaline phosphatase activity, penicillin had no considerable effect on soil urease activity. Totally, the present study showed that application of soil conditioners could alleviate toxic impacts of antibiotics and result in increase in resistance and resilience indices of soil enzymes and improved enzymes activity and efficiency in antibiotic-treated soils.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • soil quality
  • biological processes
  • antibiotic resistance
  • biochar
  • nano-zeolite

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مجله مدیریت خاک و تولید پایدار
دوره 10، شماره 3
آذر 1399
صفحه 1-26

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