اثر بیوچار ضایعات شاخ و برگ درخت پسته بر خصوصیات رشدی گیاه گلرنگ

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی‌ارشد، گروه مهندسی طبیعت، دانشگاه اردکان

2 استادیار ،گروه مهندسی طبیعت، دانشگاه اردکان،

3 استادیار، گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشگاه اردکان

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: مدیریت و استفاده صحیح از ضایعات کشاورزی یکی از راهکارهای مهم توسعه پایدار بخش کشاورزی در ایران به حساب می‌آید. با توجه به اینکه بیشتر سطح کشور را اراضی خشک و نیمه‌خشک فرا گرفته و در این اراضی تجزیه سریع مواد آلی و کمبود آن در خاک یکی از مشکلات بخش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی به حساب می‌آید، جلوگیری از سوزاندن و استفاده بهینه از این ضایعات هم کمبود مواد آلی خاک را جبران می‌کند و هم از آلودگی محیط زیست جلوگیری می‌نماید. با توجه به ماندگاری بالای بیوچار در خاک، استفاده از آن در زمین‌های کشاورزی جهت تأمین مواد آلی برای رشد گیاه و به عنوان اصلاح کننده‌ برای بهبود خصوصیات خاک، می‌تواند راهکار مفیدی برای مدیریت پسماندهای آلی باشد. با توجه به گسترش کشت پسته در مناطق مرکزی ایران سالانه از هرس سرشاخه‌های آن مقادیر متنابهی ضایعات حاصل می‌شود که معمولاً به منظور جلوگیری از گسترش آفات سوزانده می‌شود. هدف از این تحقیق بررسی اثر بیوچار ضایعات پسته بر خصوصیات رشدی گیاه گلرنگ می‌باشد.
مواد وروش‌ها: به‌منظور بررسی اثر بیوچار بر خصوصیات رشدی گیاه گلرنگ، آزمایشی به‌صورت طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه تکرار، انجام شد. تیمار بیوچار که از چوب درخت پسته در دمای 500 درجه سانتی‌گراد در شرایط کم اکسیژن تهیه شده بود در چهار سطح صفر، 1، 2 و 4 درصد وزنی مورد پژوهش قرار گرفت. در پایان دوره رشد، گیاهان جمع‌آوری شد و صفات سطح، طول و عرض برگ، تعداد برگ زرد، سبز و مجموع آنها، فاصله میان‌گره، وزن تر و خشک بخش هوایی و ریشه، ارتفاع ساقه، مدت جوانه‌زنی از زمان کشت، محتوای نسبی آب برگ، درصد نشت یونی، شاخص کلروفیل برگ، غلظت سدیم، پتاسیم و فسفر و نسبت غلظت سدیم به پتاسیم اندازه‌گیری شد. داده‌ها در نرم افزار SAS آنالیز گردید و مقایسه میانگین‌ها با استفاده از آزمون دانکن در سطح احتمال 5 درصد انجام شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که اثر تیمار بیوچار بر صفات سطح برگ، وزن تر و خشک گیاه، وزن خشک ریشه، ارتفاع گیاه، کلروفیل برگ، درصد نشت یونی، محتوای نسبی آب برگ، غلظت سدیم، فسفر و پتاسیم و نسبت غلظت سدیم به پتاسیم معنی‌دار بود اما اثر این تیمار بر شاخص‌های طول و عرض برگ، تعداد برگ سبز و زرد و مجموع آنها، وزن تر ریشه ، فاصله میان‌گره و مدت زمان جوانه‌زنی از زمان کاشت معنی‌دار نبود. مقایسه میانگین‌ها نشان داد که بالاترین میزان سطح برگ (25/413 میلی‌متر مربع)، وزن خشک ریشه (17/1 گرم)، وزن تر (79/3 گرم) و خشک گیاه (89/0 گرم)، ارتفاع گیاه (25/52 سانتی‌متر)، محتوای نسبی آب برگ (2/89)، غلظت پتاسیم (81/2 درصد) و فسفر (24/0 درصد) در بالاترین سطح بیوچار (4 درصد وزنی) به‌دست آمد. همچنین بالاترین شاخص سطح کلروفیل برگ (8/53) در تیمار یک درصد بیوچار و بالاترین درصد نشت یونی (75/81 درصد)، غلظت سدیم (35/3 درصد) و نسبت سدیم به پتاسیم (63/1) در تیمار شاهد مشاهده شد.
نتیجه‌گیری: این تحقیق نشان داد کاربرد بیوچار می‌تواند خصوصیات مرفوفیزیولوژیک و غلظت عناصر ضروری مانند فسفر و پتاسیم در اندام هوایی گیاه گلرنگ را بهبود بخشد و در این زمینه میزان مصرف بیوچار دارای اهمیت می‌باشد. با توجه به آنالیز بیوچار از نظر عناصر غذایی و محتوای کربن، به نظر می‌رسد که احتمالاً کاربرد بیوچار با بهبود وضعیت تغذیه‌ای این عناصر در خاک و همچنین افزایش ظرفیت نگهداری رطوبت خاک به‌دلیل داشتن محتوای بالای کربن آلی بیوچار، بتواند محیط مناسب‌تری برای رشد گیاه فراهم آورده و از این طریق باعث بهبود شاخص‌های رشدی شود. بنابراین در صورت استفاده صحیح از ضایعات پسته و سایر محصولات کشاورزی به صورت بیوچار می‌توان ضمن جلوگیری از آلودگی محیط زیست، بخشی از کمبود مواد آلی خاک‌های مناطق خشک را از این طریق جبران کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of wood residues of pistachio biochar on growth characteristics of Safflower

نویسندگان [English]

  • Zahra Arab Bafrani 1
  • Mohammad-Javad Ghanei-Bafghi 2
  • Mostafa Shirmardi 3
1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ardakan University- Iran
2 Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ardakan University Iran.
3 Department Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ardakan University-Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Proper management and use of agricultural waste is one of the important strategies for sustainable development of agriculture in Iran. Given that most of the country is covered by arid and semi-arid lands, rapid decomposition of organic matter and its deficiency in soil is one of the problems of agriculture and natural resources, preventing the waste from being burnt and making optimum use of it can both compensate for the lack of soil organic matter and reduce environmental pollution. Considering the high durability of biochar in soil, a useful strategy for organic waste management is use of biochar on agricultural land to provide organic matter for plant growth and as a modifier to improve soil properties. Due to the expansion of pistachio cultivation in central Iran, pruning of its branches results in considerable amounts of waste annually, which is usually burned to prevent pest spread. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pistachio waste on growth characteristics of safflower.
Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the effect of biochar on growth characteristics of safflower, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. Biochar treatment prepared from pistachio wood at 500 ° C under low oxygen conditions was studied at four levels of 0, 1, 2 and 4%. by weight. At the end of the growth period, plants were collected and leaf area, leaf length and width, number of yellow, green leaves and total, internodes distance, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, stem height, germination time from planting, relative leaf water content, Ion leakage percentage, leaf chlorophyll index, sodium, potassium and phosphorus concentration and sodium to potassium concentration ratio were measured. Data were analyzed in SAS software and mean comparisons were made using Duncan test at 5% level.
Results:The results showed that the effect of biochar treatment on leaf area, fresh and dry weight of plants, root dry weight, plant height, leaf chlorophyll, ion leakage percentage, leaf relative water content, sodium, phosphorus and potassium concentration and sodium to potassium concentration ratio were significant. However, the effect of this treatment on leaf length and width indices, number of green and yellow leaves and their total, root fresh weight, internodes distance and germination time was not significant. Mean comparison showed that the highest leaf area (413.25 mm 2), root dry weight (1.17 g), fresh weight (3.79 g) and plant dry weight (0.89 g), plant height (0.25 g). 52 cm), relative leaf water content (89.2%), potassium concentration (2.81%) and phosphorus (0.24%) were obtained at the highest biochar level (4% by weight). Also, the highest leaf chlorophyll index content (53.8%) was observed in one percent biochemical treatment and the highest ion leakage (81.75%), sodium concentration (3.35%) and sodium to potassium ratio (1.63) were observed in control treatment. .
Conclusion: This study showed that the use of biochar can improve the morphophysiological properties and concentration of essential elements such as phosphorus and potassium in the aerial parts of safflower, and in this regard, the amount of biochar consumption is important. According to Biochar analysis in terms of nutrients and carbon content, it seems that Biochar application may improve the nutritional status of these elements in soil and also increase Soil moisture storage capacity due to high content of Biochar organic carbon, it Provide a more suitable environment for plant growth and thereby improve growth indicators. Therefore, if the pistachio and other agricultural products waste are used properly as biochar, compensates a part of the lack of organic matter in the soils of dry areas and environmental pollution can be prevented.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • biochar
  • morphological traits
  • physiological traits
  • safflower

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مجله مدیریت خاک و تولید پایدار
دوره 10، شماره 3
آذر 1399
صفحه 73-94

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