ارزیابی پتانسیل گل همیشه‌بهار (Calendula officinalis)، کلم‌زینتی (Brassica oleracea) و گیاه تاج‌خروس (Amaranthus retroflexus) در استخراج کادمیوم از خاک

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی‌ارشد ، گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه زنجان

2 استاد، گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه زنجان،

3 دکتری، گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه زنجان

چکیده

چکیده
سابقه و هدف: آلودگی خاک به فلزات سنگین یکی از چالش‌های مهم زیست محیطی است و می‌تواند مشکلاتی را برای سلامتی انسان و دام در سطح جهانی به‌وجود آورد. بسیاری از تکنیک‌های اصلاحی برای رفع آلودگی از خاک بسیار پرهزینه هستند و می-توانند بر خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک نیز تأثیر منفی داشته باشند. استفاده از گیاهان زینتی بیش‌اندوز با زیست‌توده و جذب بالا روشی ابتکاری، اقتصادی و سازگار با محیط‌زیست برای اصلاح مکان‌های شهری و صنعتی آلوده به فلزات سنگین است. تحقیق حاضر با هدف بررسی توانایی گل همیشه‌بهار، کلم‌زینتی و تاج‌خروس برای پالایش خاک‌های آلوده به کادمیوم در استان زنجان در شرایط گلخانه صورت گرفت.
مواد و روش‌ها: این پژوهش به صورت آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی اجرا گردید. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل نوع گیاه در سه سطح (گل همیشه‌بهار (Calendula officinalis)، کلم‌زینتی (Brassica oleracea) و تاج‌خروس (Amaranthus retroflexus)) و شش سطح آلودگی خاک به کادمیوم (2/2، 2/12، 2/27، 2/52، 2/77 و 2/102 میلی‌گرم کادمیوم بر کیلوگرم خاک) بودند که در سه تکرار اعمال شدند.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان می‌دهد که غلظت بالای کادمیوم در خاک باعث کاهش وزن تر و خشک اندام هوایی و ریشه در گیاهان مورد مطالعه گردید. به‌طوری‌که بالاترین سطح کادمیوم خاک (2/102 میلی‌گرم کادمیوم بر کیلوگرم خاک) موجب شد وزن تر اندام هوایی در گل همیشه‌بهار، کلم‌زینتی و تاج‌خروس به‌ترتیب 77، 69 و 62 درصد نسبت به تیمار شاهد کاهش و همچنین غلظت کادمیوم در اندام هوایی گل همیشه‌‌بهار، کلم‌زینتی و تاج‌خروس به‌ترتیب 40، 22 و 46 برابر نسبت به تیمار شاهد افزایش یابد. بیش‌ترین مقدار جذب کادمیوم در کل زیست‌توده مربوط به گل همیشه‌بهار و کلم‌زینتی در تیمار 2/77 میلی‌گرم کادمیوم بر کیلوگرم خاک و در گیاه تاج‌خروس در تیمار 2/102 میلی‌گرم کادمیوم بر کیلوگرم خاک بود. مقدار محاسبه شده فاکتور انتقال در غلظت های مختلف کادمیوم خاک بیشتر از یک بود. در بیش‌ترین غلظت کادمیوم ( 2/102 میلی‌گرم کادمیوم بر کیلوگرم خاک) مقدار فاکتور انتقال در گیاهان به-ترتیب در گل همیشه‌بهار > تاج‌خروس > کلم‌زینتی بود. میزان تجمع زیستی بخش هوایی در غلظت 2/102 میلی‌گرم کادمیوم بر کیلوگرم خاک به‌ترتیب در گل همیشه‌بهار > تاج خروس > کلم‌زینتی بود. میزان تجمع زیستی ریشه در غلظت 2/102 میلی‌گرم کادمیوم بر کیلوگرم خاک به‌ترتیب در تاج‌خروس > کلم‌زینتی > گل همیشه‌بهار بود.
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که فاکتور انتقال در گیاهان مورد مطالعه (تاج خروس، همیشه بهار و کلم زینتی) بیشتر از یک بود و بیشتر از ۱۰۰ میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم کادمیوم در بافت خشک بخش هوایی آن‌ها وجود داشت. بنابراین می‌توان این گیاهان را از لحاظ جذب و انتقال فلز سنگین کادمیوم جزء گیاهان بیش‌اندوز طبقه‌بندی کرد که برای اصلاح خاک‌های آلوده به کادمیوم مناسب هستند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Potential of marigold (Calendula officinalis), ornamental cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and amaranthus (Amaranthus retroflexus) for phytoextraction of cadmium from the soil

نویسندگان [English]

  • vahideh marjani 1
  • Ahmad Golchin 2
  • samaneh abdollahi 3
1 M. Sc. Graduate, Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture University of Zanjan, Iran
2 Professor., Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture University of Zanjan, Iran
3 Ph.D. Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture University of Zanjan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Abstract

Background and objectives: Soil contamination by heavy metals is a serious environmental challenge and can cause problems for human and animal health globally. Most of remediation techniques to eliminate contamination from soils are very costly and deteriorate soil physical and chemical properties. The use of ornamental plants with high biomass and uptake is an innovative, economical and environmentally friendly way to remediate urban and industrial sites polluted by heavy metals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of the marigold, ornamental cabbage and amaranthus to remediate cadmium contaminated soils in Zanjan province under greenhouse conditions.
Materials and methods: The present study was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments included three types of plant (marigold (Calendula officinalis), ornamental cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and amaranthus (Amaranthus retroflexus)) and soil cadmium levels (2.2, 12.2, 27.2, 57.2, 77.2 and 102.2 mg Cd/kg soil) which were used in triplicate.
Results: The results indicate that high concentrations of cadmium in soil were toxic to plants and decreased the fresh and dry weight of the shoot and root. The highest level of soil cadmium (102.2 mg Cd/kg soil) decreased the fresh weight of the shoot in the marigold, ornamental cabbage and amaranthus by 77, 69 and 62%, respectively, when compared to the control (zero cadmium) treatment. Also, the concentration of cadmium of the shoot in the marigold, ornamental cabbage and amaranthus, when the soil cadmium level was 102.2 mg Cd/kg soil, increased by 39.88, 21.75 and 46 times, respectively, compared to the control (zero cadmium) treatment. The maximum amount of cadmium uptake for whole plant biomass was measured for marigold and ornamental cabbage when soil cadmium level was 77.2 mg Cd/kg soil, but the highest uptake for amaranthus was calculated in treatment with 102.2 mg Cd / kg soil. The lowest cadmium uptake was also observed in the control treatment. Translocation factors for cadmium in studying plants were higher than one and at the highest soil cadmium level (102.2 mg cadmium per kg soil), the calculated translocation factors of plants were in the order of marigold > amaranthus > ornamental cabbage respectively. The shoot bioaccumulation factor at the soil cadmium concentration of 102.2 mg Cd/kg soil was in the order of marigold > amaranthus > ornamental cabbage. The order of bioaccumulation factor for root at the soil cadmium concentration of 102.2 mg Cd/kg soil was amaranthus > ornamental cabbage > marigold.
Conclusion: The results showed that the translocation factor in the studied plants (marigold, ornamental cabbage and amaranthus) was more than one and the concentration of cadmium in dried tissues of aerial parts was more than 100 mg/kg. Therefore, these plants can be classified as metal accumulator plants in terms of cadmium uptake and translocation and are suitable for remediation of cadmium contaminated soils.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Keywords: Soil pollution
  • Translocation factor
  • Bioaccumulation factor
  • Heavy metal
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