اثر کودهای آلی و شیمیایی بر رشد، عملکرد و اسانس گیاه دارویی زوفا (Hyssopus officinalis L.)

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری ،گروه زراعت، دانشگاه شهرکرد

2 استاد ،گروه زراعت، دانشگاه شهرکرد،

3 استادیار گروه زراعت، دانشگاه شهرکرد،

4 دانشیار پژوهشکده علوم پایه سلامت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهرکرد

چکیده

سابقه و هدف:
کودهای آلی منبع ارزشمندی برای تغذیه گیاهان در اکوسیستم‎های کشاورزی به شمار می‎روند، زیرا علاوه بر داشتن عناصر غذایی می‌توانند به افزایش سطح ماده آلی خاک‌ها نیز کمک نمایند که در اراضی مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک می‎تواند نقص کمبود مواد آلی خاک را بخوبی جبران نماید. از طرفی، بکارگیری کودهای آلی در کشت گیاهان دارویی به علت سطح زیرکشت محدود این گیاهان و همچنین کاهش اتکا به کودهای شیمیایی اولویت بیشتری دارد. بنابراین در این آزمایش اثرات کودهای آلی و شیمیایی بر رشد، عملکرد و اسانس گیاه دارویی زوفا (Hyssopus officinalis L.) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.
مواد و روش‌ها:
آزمایش به صورت طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سایت کشت الگویی گیاهان دارویی جهاد کشاورزی کوهرنگ (با متوسط بارندگی 1357 میلی‌متر و کمینه و بیشینه دما 8/2 و 2/16 سلسیوس) در سال‎های 1397 و 1398 اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل کود مرغی با سه سطح کارایی جذب نیتروژن (به ترتیب 100 ، 70 و 40 درصد؛ PM100 ، PM70 ، PM40)، کود گوسفندی با سه سطح کارایی جذب نیتروژن (به ترتیب 100 ، 70 و 40 درصد؛ SM100 ، SM70 ، SM40))، کود گاوی با سه سطح کارایی جذب نیتروژن (به ترتیب 100 ، 70 و 40٪ ؛ CM100 ، CM70 ، CM40) و همچنین یک تیمار کود شیمیایی (100 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار + 100 کیلوگرم فسفر در هکتار) به عنوان شاهد مثبت (CF) و عدم مصرف کود (C) به عنوان شاهد منفی و در مجموع با 33 کرت آزمایشی بودند. صفات اندازه‌گیری شده شامل رنگیزه‌های فتوسنتزی، شاخص سطح برگ، وزن اندام هوایی، میزان اسانس و عملکرد اسانس بودند. آنالیز داده‎ها بوسیله نرم افزار SAS و مقایسه میانگین‎ها توسط آزمون LSD انجام شد.
یافته‌ها:
نتایج نشان داد در چین اول (4 تیر ماه) بیشترین میزان کلروفیل a و b به ترتیب در شرایط تغذیه با PM40 و CF مشاهده شد. زیست‎توده اندام هوایی تیمارهای PM40؛ PM70،PM100 و CF به ترتیب با 3760، 3672، 3632 و 3576 کیلوگرم در هکتار بدون اختلاف معنی‌دار در گروه آماری قرار گرفته و دارای حداکثر زیست‎توده بوددند. بیشترین میزان اسانس در تیمارهای PM40، CF و PM70 به ترتیب با 49/1%، 33/1% و 3/1% بدست آمد ولی حداکثر عملکرد اسانس با کودهای PM40، PM70، CF و PM100 بدست آمد (به ترتیب با 3/56، 8/47، 3/47 و 8/43 کیلوگرم در هکتار). در چین دوم (15 شهریور ماه) تیمارهای PM40، CF، CM40 و SM40 به ترتیب با 6/7، 2/7، 1/7 و 9/6 میکروگرم در میلی لیتر دارای بیشترین کلروفیل a و تیمارهایCF، PM40 و PM70 به ترتیب با 8/6، 7/6 و 5/6 میکروگرم در میلی لیتر دارای بیشترین کلروفیل b بودند. بالاترین زیت توده اندام هوایی در شرایط تغذیه با PM40 و PM70 مشاهده گردید (به ترتیب با 2801 و 2746 کیلوگرم در هکتار). میزان اسانس تیمارهای کودی در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد اختلاف معنی‎داری نداشت ولی PM40 و PM70 به ترتیب با تولید 7/50 و 6/43 کیلوگرم در هکتار دارای حداکثر عملکرد اسانس بودند.
نتیجه‎گیری:
در این مطالعه با توجه به تولید حداکثری زیست توده گیاهی در سطوح مختلف کود مرغی و همچنین برتری عملکرد اسانس این سطوح طی چین اول و PM40 و PM70 در چین دوم، نتیجه‎گیری می‎شود که سطح متوسط کود مرغی برای رشد زوفا و تولید اسانس مناسب است. بنابراین می‌توان از کود مرغی به عنوان جایگزین کود شیمیایی برای تولید گیاه دارویی زوفا در شرایط آب و هوایی مشابه کوهرنگ استفاده کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on growth, yield and essential oil of hyssop )Hyssopus officinalis L.(

نویسندگان [English]

  • askar ghanbari odivi 1
  • Sina Fallah 2
  • mojtaba karimi 3
  • Zahra lorigooini 4
1 department faculty agronomy, shahrekord university, shahrekord, iran
2 Shahrekord University
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University
4 Assistant Professor of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Organic fertilizers are considerd as valuable sources for plant nutritions in agricultural ecosystems, because in addition to providing nutrients, they can also help to increase soil organic matter levels, which can compensate the deficiency of soil organic matter of arid and semi-arid regions. On the other hand, the use of organic fertilizers in the medicinal plants cropping has a higher priority due to the limited cultivation area of these plants and also the reduction of reliance on chemical fertilizers. Therefore, in this experiment, the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers were investigated on growth, yield and essential oil of Hyssopus officinalis L.
Materials and methods: The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications at the model cultivation site of medicinal plants of Koohrang Agriculture-Jahad (average rainfall of 1357 mm and minimum and maximum temperatures of 2.8 and 16.2 Celsius), in 2018 and 2019. The experimental treatments were 33 plots and includeed poultry manure with three levels of nitrogen uptake efficiency (100, 70 and 40%; PM100, PM70, PM40, respectively), sheep manure with three levels of nitrogen uptake efficiency (100, 70 and 40% SM100, SM70, SM40, respectively), cattle manure with three levels of nitrogen uptake efficiency (100, 70 and 40%; CM100, CM70, CM40, respectively), as well as two levels of control treatment (positive and negative; chemical fertilizer:100 kg N/ha + 100 P/ha and without fertilizer, respectively.The traits that assessed were included photosynthetic pigments, leaf area index, arial biomass, essential oil content and essential oil yield. Data analysis was performed by SAS software and means were compared by (least significant differences) LSD test.
Results: In the first cutting (June 24), the results showed that the maximum contents of chlorophyll a and b were observed under PM40 and CF feeding conditions, respectively. PM40, PM70, PM100 and CF treatments had the maximum arial biomass (3760, 3672, 3632 and 3576 kg/ha, respectively) and were placed in a statistical group without significant. The highest essential oil content was obtained in PM40, CF and PM70 % treatments, with average of 1.49%, 1.33% and 1.3, respectively. However, the highest essential oil yield was observed in PM40, PM70, CF and PM100 fertilizer treatments (56.3, 47.8, 47.3 and 43.8 kg/ha, respectively). In the second cutting (September 5), PM40, CF, CM40 and SM40 treatments had the highest chlorophyll a (7.6, 7.2, 7.1 and 6.9 μg/ml, respectively), and CF, PM40 and PM70 had the highest chlorophyll b (6.8, 6.7 and 6.5 μg/ml, respectively). The maximum arial biomass was observed in conditions of feeding with PM40 and PM70, with average of 2801 and 2746 kg/ha, respectively. The amount of essential oil obtained from feeded plants was not significantly differed from control treatment. However, PM40 and PM70 treatments had the maximum essential oil yield with average of 50.7 and 43.6 kg/ha, respectively.
Conclusion: In this study, considering the maximum production of plant biomass in different levels of poultry manure and also the superiority of essential oil yield of these levels during the first cutting and PM40 and PM70 in the second cutting, it can be concluded that an average level of poultry manure is appropriate for hyssop regarding to its growth and essential oil production. Therefore, poultry manure can be used as an alternative source of chemical fertilizer in order to hyssop production in a similar climatic conditions to Koohrang.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • "Hyssop"
  • "Animal manure"
  • "Fertilizer efficiency"
  • "Photosynthesis"
  • "Essential oil"

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مجله مدیریت خاک و تولید پایدار
دوره 11، شماره 2
شهریور 1400
صفحه 143-158

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