نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی‌ارشد زراعت، گروه کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام‌نور مرکز زاهدان، ایران،
2 استادیار، گروه کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام‌نور، ایران
3 دانشیار، گروه کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام‌نور، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Abstract
Background and objectives
Corn is considered as one of the most important and strategic cereals in the world that needed a lot of nitrogen fertilizer and often this need is supplied by chemical fertilizers. In addition to the severe need to fossil fuels for chemical fertilizers production, they are also important environmental pollutants (23). Therefore, organic fertilizers such as green manures of legume species can be a good alternative to chemical fertilizers. Also, conservation tillage operations that are accompanied by proper management of crop residues, it is an appropriate solution to prevent the elimination of residues in sustainable agriculture, and plays an important role in improving the physicochemical and biological properties of soil, and can lead to increasing crop yield (22). Therefore, developing and promoting the use of green manure and conservation tillage operations is essential. Therefore, the present study investigates the effect of organic fertilizer application on corn yield under different tillage levels.
Materials and methods
This experiment was carried out as split plot in randomized complete block design with three replications at 2018-19 in a farm located in Ghale-No village, Zahak city. Vetch (Vicia villosa) was used as a green manure in this study. The experimental treatments were included two levels of green manure, consumption and no consumption as main factors; and three levels of tillage, no tillage, minimum tillage and conventional tillage as sub plots. In this experiment agronomic traits of plant height, dry and fresh forage yield and seed yield; ecological traits of weeds biomass, photosynthetically active radiation, soil moisture percentage and soil temperature; and some soil physicochemical properties such as soil porosity, bulk density, particle density, organic carbon and nitrogen percentage were evaluated. Data analysis was performed with SAS software.
Results
The experimental results showed that the highest amount of dry and fresh forage yield and seed yield, photosynthetically active radiation, soil porosity percentage, soil organic carbon and nitrogen percentage was obtained from green manure consumption and conventional tillage treatment and there was no statistically significant difference between the consumption of green manure under conventional and minimum tillage conditions. The lowest amounts of the above traits were obtained in the treatment without green manure and no tillage. In addition, the treatment green manure consumption and no tillage system resulted in obtaining the highest soil moisture percentage and the lowest soil temperature. For weed biomass, it was also found that the use of conventional tillage significantly reduces weed biomass, but green manure consumption hadn’t any significant effect on weed biomass.
Conclusion
In this experiment, it was shown that the green manure consumption by increasing the amount of soil organic matter and improving soil structure increased the amount of access to nutrients, especially nitrogen for the plant, which led to enhancing plant yield and growth. Also, increasing the soil porosity and reducing the soil bulk density under the influence of minimum tillage led to soil structure improvement, and it increases the root permeability in soil which this allows the plant to absorb more water and nutrients. Therefore, according to the results of this experiment, it can be suggested that the combination of green manure consumption with minimum tillage can create a good yield in corn cultivation in the study region.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
1.Abdi, S., Taj bakhsh, M., Rasouli sedghiani, M.H., and Abdollahi mandolkani, B. 2012. Study the effect of different green manure plants on soil organic matter and nitrogen in salinity condition. Journal of Plant Production. 19: 1. 127-144. (In Persian)
2.Afzali Gorouh, H., Naghavii, H., Rostami, M.A., and Najafinezhad, H. 2019. Effect of conservation tillage and wheat residue management in some soil properties and grain yield of corn. Iranian Journal of Soil Research. 33: 1. 1-11.(In Persian)
3.Afzalinia, S., and Karami, A. 2018.Effect of conservation tillage on soil properties and corn yield in the corn-wheat rotation. Iranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering. 49: 1. 129-137. (In Persian)
4.Algan, N., and Çelen, A.S. 2011. Evaluation of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) as green manure in Aegean conditions in terms of soil nutrition under different sowing dates. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 6: 7. 1744-1749.
5.Azimzadeh, S.M., Koocheki, A.R., and Bala, M. 2002. Effect of different tillage on bulk density, porosity, soil moisture content and yield of wheat under dryland conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 4: 3. 209-224.
6.Azimzadeh, Y., Shariatmadari, H., and Shirvani, M. 2015. Effect of green manure on pH, dissolved organic carbon and soil phosphorous availability with distance from roots of corn and canola. Water and Soil Science. 25: 1. 69-82.
7.Belachew, T., and Abera, Y. 2011.Effect of green manuring in combination with nitrogen on soil fertility and yield
of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) under double cropping system of Sinana-dinsho, Southeast Ethiopia. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences. 1: 1. 1-11.
8.Blake, G.R., and Hartage, K.H. 1986. Particle density. P 377-381. In: A. Klute (eds), Methods of soil analysis, part 1 (2nd ed.), Agronomy Monograph. American Society of Agronomy, Madison.
9.Bybordi, M. 2014. Soil Physic. 10th ed. Tehran Univ. Press, 674p. (In Persian).
10.Caradonna, J.L. 2014. Sustainability: A History. Oxford Univ. Press, 331p.
11.Chegeni, M., Ansari-dust, Sh., and Eskandari, H. 2014. Effect of tillage methods and residuals management
on some physical properties of soil to achieve sustainable agriculture. Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. 24: 2. 31-40. (In Persian)
12.Demjanová, E., Macák, M., Ĉaloviü, I., Majerník, F., Týr, T., and Smatana, J. 2009. Effects of tillage systems and crop rotation on weed density, weed species composition and weed biomass in maize. Agronomy Research. 7: 2. 785-792.
13.Doltra, J., Gallejones, P., Olesen J.E., Hansen, S., Frøseth R.B., Krausse, M., Stalenga, J., Jończyk, K., Martínez-Fernández, A., and Pacini, G.C. 2019. Simulating soil fertility management effects on crop yield and soil nitrogen dynamics in field trials under organic farming in Europe. Field Crops Research. 233: 1-11.
14.Gao, S.J., Gao, J.S., Cao, W.D., Zou, C.Q., Huang, J., Bai, J., and Dou, F.G. 2018. Effects of long-term green manure application on the content and structure of dissolved organic matter in red paddy soil. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 17: 8. 1852-1860.
15.Hesse P.R. 1971. A Textbook of Soil Chemical Analysis. John Murray. London. 520p.
16.Jat, R.K., Singh, R.G., Gupta, R.K., Gill, G., Chauhan, B.S., and Pooniya, V. 2019. Tillage, crop establishment, residue management and herbicide applications for effective weed control in direct seeded rice of eastern Indo–Gangetic Plains of South Asia. Crop Protection. 123: 12-20.
17.Jia, L., Zhao, W., Zhai, R., Liu, Y., Kang, M., and Zhang, X. 2019. Regional differences in the soil and water conservation efficiency of conservation tillage in China. Catena. 175: 18-26.
18.Khorramian, M., Bromand, S., and Ashrafizadeh, S.R. 2013. Effect of no tillage, water stress and nitrogen stress on nitrate transfer in soil and maize yield in Northern Khuzestan Province. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture. 28: 1. 11-23. (In Persian)
19.Maiksteniene, S., and Arlauskiene, A. 2004. Effect of preceding crops and green manure on the fertility of clay loam soil. Agronomy Research.2: 1. 87-97.
20.Meidani, J., Karimi, E., and Pourmohammad, A. 2013. Effects of different tillage and cultivation practices on soil moisture and safflower yield in rotation with wheat in rainfed regions. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production. 10: 2. 143-157. (In Persian)
21.Mirzazadeh, A., and Raei, Y. 2020. Evaluation of some important indicators of silage corn production in no-tillage systems. Agricultural Science and Sustainable Agriculture. 30: 1. 95-107. (In Persian)
23.Mohammadi, Gh., Safari Poor, M., Ghobadi, M.E., and Najaphy, A. 2015. Corn yield and quality and weed growth under different nitrogen levels by application of legume and non-legume green manures. Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. 25: 1. 45-64.(In Persian)
24.Nemeikšienė, D., Arlauskienė, A., and Šlepetienė, A. 2011. Improvement winter wheat yields in organic farming systems through innovation in green manure management. Environment. Technology. Resources Proceedings of the 8th International Scientific and Practical Conference. 11: 268-275.
25.Partokazemi, A., Delkhoosh, B., and Mohsen, M. 2011. The effects of tillage system and plant density on yield and yield components of corn (Zea mays L.) varieties in north of Iran. New Finding in Agriculture. 5: 3. 221-231. (In Persian)
26.Roozitalab, M.H., Siadat, H., and Farshad, A. 2018. The Soils of Iran. Springer International Press, 257p.
27.Sawan, Z.M. 2018. Climatic variables: Evaporation, sunshine, relative humidity, soil and air temperature and its adverse effects on cotton production. Information Processing in Agriculture. 5: 134-148.
28.Sayed, A., Sarker, A., Kim, J.E., Rahman, M., and Mahmud, M.G.A. 2020. Environmental sustainability and water productivity on conservation tillage of irrigated maize in red brown terrace soil of Bangladesh. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences. 19: 276-284.
29.Shah, Z., Rashid, A., Rahman, H.U., Latif, A., and Shah, A. 2011. Rice and wheat yield in relation to biomass of green manure legumes. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture. 27: 1. 73-84.
30.Shirani, H., Hajabbasi, M.A., Afyuni, M., and Hemmat, A. 2009. Effect of tillage systems and organic manure on root morphology of corn. Journal of Water and Soil. 23: 1. 101-107. (In Persian)
31.Tavassoli, A., Ghanbari, A., Ahmadi, M.M., and M. Heidari. 2010. Effect of manure and chemical fertilizer on seed and forage yield of millet (Panicum miliaceum) and red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 8: 2. 203-212. (In Persian).
32.Torres, J.D., Garzón, E., Ryan J., and González-Andrés, F. 2013. Organic cereal/forage legume rotation in a mediterranean calcareous soil: implications for soil parameters. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems. 37: 215-230.
33.Zhang, M.K., and Fang, L.P. 2007. Effect of tillage, fertilizer and green manure cropping on soil quality at an abandoned brick making site. Soil and Tillage Research. 93: 87-93.
)