اثر مانده گندم غنی سازی شده با استرپتومایسس و اوره بر فسفر قابل جذب و برخی شاخص‌های میکروبی خاک در شرایط آزمایشگاهی

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری ، گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

2 استادیار ، گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

3 دانشیار ، گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: خاک به عنوان یک سیستم زنده یکی از عوامل مؤثر در تعادل اکوسیستم است و فرایندهای بی‌شماری به ویژه در مقیاس کوچک در آن جریان دارد. ریزجانداران خاک نقش مهمی در حفظ کیفیت خاک از راه تجزیه مواد آلی و گردش چرخه عناصر غذایی دارند. کاربرد ریزجانداران در اکوسیستم‌هایی که پایداری جامعه زیستی آن‌ها در پیِ مصرف بیش از اندازه‌ی کودها، شوری و سموم شیمیایی به شدت دچار تزلزل شده است، منجر به بهبود کارایی مصرف عناصر غذایی، کنترل زیستی آفات و بیماری‌ها می‌گردد. مواد آلی فعالیت میکروبی خاک را افزایش می‌دهد از سوی دیگر، افزودن ریزجانداران به مواد آلی موجب افزایش آزادسازی عناصر غذایی از مواد آلی می‌گردد. به سبب درک اهمیت نقش ریزجانداران در رهاسازی انرژی و عناصر غذایی در خاک، در سال‌های اخیر توجه روزافزون به برآورد زیست‌توده میکروبی در خاک شده است. از این رو هدف این پژوهش، بررسی اثر مانده گندم مایه‌زنی شده با استرپتومایسس و اوره بر فسفر فراهم، تنفس میکروبی، کربن زیست‌توده میکروبی، ضریب متابولیک و زمان بازگشت زیست‌توده میکروبی بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: آزمایش به صورت طرح کاملاً تصادفی با آرایش فاکتوریل و در سه تکرار در شرایط کنترل شده آزمایشگاهی انجام شد. فاکتورها شامل دو سطح اوره (صفر و 6/1 گرم در 100 گرم کاه گندم)، دو سطح استرپتومایسس (صفر و 5 درصد) و دو سطح مانده گیاهی (یک درصد و بدون مانده کاه گندم) بود. کاه گندم با مقادیر مشخصی از کود اوره و مایه‌زنی استرپتومایسس تیمار گردید. سپس کاه تیمار شده، با خاک کاملا مخلوط شد. برای فعال‌سازی جمعیت میکروبی، رطوبت خاک در پیرامون 70 درصدِ گنجایش مزرعه تنظیم و مخلوط‌ها به مدت 2 هفته در دمای اتاق نگه‌داری شدند. پس از آن مخلوط‌ها به مدت 90 روز در دمای 2±25 درجه سلسیوس گرماگذاری شدند. سپس کربن زیست‌توده میکروبی و فسفر فراهم در سه دوره به صورت ماهانه و تنفس میکروبی به صورت هفتگی اندازه‌گیری شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که مایه‌زنی استرپتومایسس، افزودن مانده گیاهی کاه گندم و اوره باعث افزایش غلظت فسفر قابل دسترس، تنفس میکروبی و کربن زیست‌توده میکروبی خاک گردید. در این آزمایش مقدار تنفس میکروبی و کربن زیست‌توده میکروبی با افزودن هم‌زمانِ استرپتومایسس، مانده گیاهی و اوره به خاک بیش‌ترین بود و تاثیر مایه‌زنی استرپتومایسس به مانده گیاهی گندم بر پارامترهای مورد بررسی بیشتر از اوره بود. کمترین مقدار تنفس میکروبی، کربن زیست‌توده میکروبی و فسفر در خاک شاهد (بدون اوره، استرپتومایسس و مانده گیاهی) بود. افزدون مانده گیاهی کاه گندم به خاک با تامین سوبسترای مورد نیاز، تنفس میکروبی و کربن زیست‌توده میکروبی را افزایش داد. همچنین استفاده از کاه گندم و اوره منجر به افزایش فسفر فراهم خاک گردید.
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که در خاک‌های با محدودیت کربن آلی، افزودن استرپتومایسس و کود اوره به مانده گیاهی کاه گندم باعث افزایش تنفس و کربن زیست‌توده میکروبی در خاک شد. همچنین افزدون مانده گیاهی کاه گندم به خاک افزایش فسفر فراهم خاک را به همراه داشت. تیمار کردن خاک با جدایه استرپتومایسس نیز افزایش فسفر فراهم خاک را به همراه داشت که این افزایش در مانده گیاهی تیمار شده با جدایه استرپتومایسس محسوس‌تر بود. بنابراین در خاک‌هایی با محدودیت کربن، افزایش سطح ماده آلی و غنی سازی آن، می‌تواند منجر به افزایش فعالیت میکروبی و پتانسیل‌های زیستی در خاک گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of wheat residue enriched with Streptomyces and urea on available phosphorus and some soil microbial characteristics in laboratory conditions

نویسندگان [English]

  • Elham Sadeghi 1
  • Reza Ghorbani Nasrabadi 2
  • Seyed Alireza Movahedi Naeeni 3
1
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Water and Soil Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
3 Department of soil science
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Soil as a living system is one of the factors affecting the balance of the ecosystem and many processes, especially on a small scale, take place in it. Soil microorganisms play an important role in maintaining soil quality through decomposition of organic material and nutrient cycling. The use of microorganisms in ecosystems whose biological community stability has been severely compromised due to high consumption of fertilizers, salinity and chemical toxins, is to improve the efficiency of nutrient consumption and biological control of pests and diseases. Soil organic matter increases soil microbial activity. On the other hand, enrichment of organic matter with microorganisms increases their nutrients release. To understand the vital role of soil microorganisms in the release and storage of energy and nutrients in the soil, in recent years, increased attentions has been paid to the estimation of microbial biomass in the soil. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of urea, Streptomyces inoculation and wheat straw on available phosphorus, microbial respiration, microbial biomass C, metabolic coefficient and microbial biomass turnover time.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. A factorial experiment with two levels of urea (0 and 1.6 g/100g wheat straw), two levels of Streptomyces sp. (0 and 5%) and wheat straw treatments (0 and 1%, w/w) was conducted using a completely randomized design with three replications. Wheat straw was treated with the urea fertilizer and Streptomyces sp. inoculum firstly and the treated straw was then thoroughly mixed with the soil. The mixtures were incubated at 25±2 ° C for 90 days. Microbial biomass C and available phosphorus were measured monthly for three months and microbial respiration was measured weekly. To revive the microbial population, the containers were pre-incubated at room temperature for two weeks and soil moisture was adjusted to about 70% of the field capacity.
Results: Streptomyces inoculation, addition of wheat straw and urea increased available phosphorus concentration, respiration and soil microbial biomass C. In this experiment, the amount of respiration and microbial biomass C with the simultaneous addition of Streptomyces, wheat straw and urea to the soil was the highest and the effect of Streptomyces inoculation on wheat straw on the studied parameters was more than the two other factors. The lowest amount of microbial respiration, microbial biomass C and phosphorus was in control soil (without urea, Streptomyces and wheat straw). Addition of wheat straw to the soil increased microbial respiration and microbial biomass C by providing the required substrate. Also, the use of wheat straw and urea led to an increase in soil available phosphorus.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that in carbon-restricted soils, the use of plant residues enriched with Streptomyces and urea increased microbial respiration and microbial biomass carbon in the soil. Also, wheat plant residues addition to the soil increased the soil available phosphorus. Treatment of soil with Streptomyces also increased soil available phosphorus, which was more perceptible in the plant residues enriched with Streptomyces. The results show that the simultaneous application of plant residues, urea and Streptomyces, has increased soil microbial activity. Therefore, in carbon-restricted soils, increasing the level of organic matter and its enrichment can lead to increased microbial activity and biological potentials in the soil.

Keywords: Microbial biomass C, Microbial respiration, Plant residue, Streptomyces, Urea

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Microbial biomass C
  • Microbial repiration
  • Plant residue
  • Streptomyces
  • Urea

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مجله مدیریت خاک و تولید پایدار
دوره 11، شماره 3
آذر 1400
صفحه 139-158

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