ارزیابی کمی فسفر محلول و زیست توده میکروبی آزاد شده توسط برخی سویه‌ها از فسفات‌های نامحلول به‌منظور انتخاب باکتری های کارآمد

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه ارومیه و مربی پژوهشی بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی فارس، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، شیراز، ایران.

2 استاد، گروه مهندسی علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه

3 دانشیار مؤسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران.

4 استاد، گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه ارومیه.

5 استادیار ، گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه ارومیه.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: اثربخشی کود‌های شیمیایی فسفری در کشاورزی بسیار پایین و در حدود 25-5 درصد است. این امر موجب مصرف بیشتر این کود‌ها گشته که افزون بر هزینه‌‌بر بودن، پیامد‌های زیانبار زیست‌محیطی را نیز در پی داشته است. بنابراین، ضروری است گزینه‌ای مناسب برای جبران مصرف بخشی از این کود‌ها معرفی گردد. باکتری‌های حل‌کننده‌ی فسفات به‌دلیل توانایی در انحلال فسفات‌های نامحلول، به‌عنوان گزینه-ای امیدوار‌کننده برای کاهش مصرف کودهای شیمیایی فسفری در محیط خاک شناخته شده‌اند. این باکتری‌ها می‌توانند بخشی از فسفر حل‌شده را جذب نمایند که همان فسفر زیست‌توده میکروبی است. این فرایند به سیستم‌های طبیعی اجازه می‌دهد بدون استفاده از کودهای فسفاتی، خود‌پایدار باشند. با توجه به نقش سویه-های باکتریایی توانمند در انحلال فسفات‌های نامحلول و اهمیت فسفر زیست‌توده‌ی میکروبی در تأمین بخشی از فسفر گیاهان در درازمدت، این پژوهش با هدف انتخاب سویه‌های کارآمد با اندازه‌گیری کمّی فسفر محلول و زیست‌توده میکروبی پس از مایه‌زنی باکتری‌ها در محیط اسپربر دارای منابع مختلف فسفاتی انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها: این پژوهش به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با دو فاکتور و در سه تکرار انجام گردید. فاکتور اول مایه‌زنی با سویه‌ها‌ی باکتری شامل:Tkd/4 flaccumfaciens Curtobacterium،Ggd/4 Pantoea agglomerans و yanoikuyae Rpd/4 Sphingobium، همگی جدا‌سازی‌ شده از معدن فسفات جیرود شمشک، RPY Bacillus pumilus جداسازی‌شده از معدن فسفات اسفوردی یزد، Ps/14 Pseudomonas putida تهیه شده از موسسه‌ی تحقیقات خاک و آب (جداسازی‌شده از خاک مزارع ذرت) و شاهد (دارای منابع فسفات بدون مایه‌زنی باکتری‌) و فاکتور دوم شامل سه منبع فسفات: تری‌کلسیم‌فسفات، فیتات کلسیم و خاک فسفات بودند. ویژگی‌های اندازه‌گیری شده شاملpH ، EC، مقدار فسفر محلول و فسفر زیست‌توده‌ی میکروبی بود. فسفر حل شده‌ی کل از منبع فسفات (مجموع فسفر محلول و فسفر زیست‌توده‌ی میکروبی)، نسبت فسفر محلول به فسفر زیست‌توده‌ی میکروبی و درصد جذب زیستی فسفر نیز محاسبه شدند.
یافته‌ها: اثر سویه‌ی باکتری، منبع فسفات و بر‌هم‌کنش آنها بر همه‌ی ویژگی‌ها معنی‌دار بود (P ≤0.01). توانایی سویه‌ی Ps/14 در ویژگی فسفر محلول، در هر سه منبع فسفات بیش از دیگر سویه‌ها بود. همه‌ی سویه‌ها از تری کلسیم فسفات نسبت به دو منبع فسفات دیگر، فسفر بیشتری جذب نمودند. فسفر زیست توده‌ی میکروبی در تیمار‌های خاک فسفات مایه‌زنی شده با همه‌ی سویه‌ها به‌جزء سویه‌ی Tkd/4 بیش از تیمار‌های فیتات کلسیم مایه‌زنی شده با آن سویه‌ها بود. کمترین pH (3) و بیشترین EC (dS m-1 53/1) به-ترتیب در تیمارهای خاک فسفات و تری‌کلسیم‌فسفات مایه‌زنی شده با سویه‌ی Ps/14 دیده شد.
نتیجه‌گیری: سویه‌های مورد مطالعه اثرات متفاوتی بر دو ویژگی مقدار فسفر محلول و فسفر زیست‌توده‌ی میکروبی از منابع مختلف فسفات داشتند. توانایی سویه‌ی Ps/14 در انحلال فسفر از هر سه منبع فسفات، بیش از دیگر سویه‌ها بود. نتایج نشان داد، لزوماً سویه‌ای که پتانسیل بیشتری در انحلال فسفر از یک منبع دارد همان پتانسیل را در جذب فسفر از آن منبع ندارد. این را می‌توان به ماهیت ماده‌ی حل‌شونده و کارایی ریزموجود حل‌کننده نسبت داد. همچنین نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که می‌توان فسفر حل‌شده کل را به‌طور قوی‌تری به فسفر محلول نسبت داد تا فسفر زیست توده‌ی میکروبی. در کل نتایج نشان داد توانایی برخی از باکتری‌های مورد مطالعه در هر دو ویژگی فسفر محلول و فسفر زیست توده‌ی میکروبی، می‌تواند به‌عنوان گزینه‌ای امیدبخش در کاهش مصرف کودهای شیمیایی فسفری و افزایش اثربخشی آنها مد نظر قرار گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Quantitative Evaluation of Dissolved and Microbial Biomass Phosphorus Released from Insoluble Phosphates by some Strains in order to Select Efficient Bacteria

نویسندگان [English]

  • Yaghobali Karami 1
  • Abbas Samadi 2
  • Alireza fallah Nosratabad 3
  • Ebrahim Sepehr 4
  • Mohsen Barin 5
1 PhD Student, Dept. of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
2 Professor, Dept. of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
3 Associate Professor in Soil and Water Research Institute, AREEO, Karaj, Iran
4 Associate Professor, Dept. of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
5 Assistant Professor, Dept. of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: The efficiency of phosphorus (P) chemical fertilizers in agriculture is relatively low (5-25%). This has led to more P fertilizers’ application which not only increases production costs but also threatens the environment. Therefore, it was necessary to introduce suitable alternatives to replace part of these fertilizers consumption. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria have been identified as a promising option to reduce P chemical fertilizers’ application due to their ability to solve insoluble P in soil environment. These bacteria can assimilate part of the solubilized P, known as the microbial biomass P. This mechanism allows natural ecosystems to be self-sustainable, without the application of phosphate fertilizers. Given the role of potent bacterial strains in dissolving insoluble phosphates and the importance of microbial biomass P in providing part of the plant needed P in the long term, this study was aimed to select efficient strains by quantitative measurement of dissolved P and microbial biomass P after inoculation of bacteria in sperber medium with different phosphate sources.

Materials and Methods: This study was conducted as factorial experiment in a completely randomized design format using two factors in three replications. The first factor was bacteria inoculation including strains: Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens Tkd/4, Pantoea agglomerans Ggd/4 and Sphingobium yanoikuyae Rpd/4, all isolated from Giroud Shemshak Phosphate mine, Bacillus pumilus RPY isolated from Yazd Asfordi Phosphate mine, Pseudomonas putida Ps/14 prepared from Soil and Water Research Institute (isolated from maize farm soil) and blank (contains phosphate sources without bacteria inoculation) and the second factor was three phosphate sources: tricalcium phosphate (TCP), calcium phytate (CPhy) and phosphate main soil (PMS). The measured traits were included pH, EC, dissolved P and microbial biomass P. Total solubilized P from the phosphate source (sum of dissolved P and microbial biomass P), the ratio of dissolved P to microbial biomass P and biosorption percentage of P were calculated as well.

Results: The effect of bacteria strain, posphate source and their interactions was significant on all measured traits (P ≤0.01). The ability of Ps/14 strain to dissolve phosphate was higher than other strains in all three phosphate sources. All strains absorbed more phosphorus from TCP than the other two phosphate sources. Microbial biomass P was higher in phosphate soil treatments inoculated with all strains except Tkd/4 strain than in CPhy treatments inoculated with those strains. The lowest pH (3) and the highest EC (1.53 dS m-1) were observed in the PMS and TCP treaments inoculated with Ps/14 strain, respectively.

Conclusion: The studied strains had different effects on both dissolved P and microbial biomass P properties from different P sources. The ability of Ps/14 strain to dissolve P from all three phosphate sources was higher than the other strains. The results revealed that the strain that has more potential in dissolving P from one source does not necessarily have the same potential in assimilating P from the same source. This can be attributed to the solubility nature of material and the solubilizing capability of the microorganisms. The results of this study also showed that the total solubilized P could be more strongly attributed to dissolved P rather than microbial biomass P. Overall, the results showed that the potent of some of the studied bacteria in both dissolved P and microbial biomass P properties can be considered as a promising option in reducing the application of P fertilizers and increasing their effectiveness.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Calcium phytate
  • Microbial biomass phosphorus
  • Phosphate mine soil
  • Phosphate solubilizing bacteria
  • Tricalcium phosphate

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مجله مدیریت خاک و تولید پایدار
دوره 11، شماره 4
دی 1400
صفحه 55-75

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