بررسی اثرات بهبوددهندگی کاربرد سالیسیلیک‌اسید بر گیاه ذرت تحت تنش فلزات سنگین سرب و روی.

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران.

2 دانشیار دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه زنجان

3 دانشیار گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان

4 دانشیار گروه خاکشناسی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف:
بررسی‌ها نشان داده‌اند که آلودگی فلزات سنگین در مزارع موجب ایجاد تنش و کاهش عملکرد شده است. این موضوع سبب نگرانی بابت خطر مصرف مواد غذایی آلوده برای سلامتی انسان گردیده. نقش تنظیم کننده‌های گیاهی در شرایط تنش فلزات سنگین در سال‌های اخیر مورد توجه بوده. سرب و روی(در غلظت بالا) فلزات سمی برای گیاهان می‌باشند، که به راحتی توسط سیستم ریشه‌ایی گیاه جذب می‌گردند. در نتیجه موجب آسیب به رشد و توسعه گیاه و جلوگیری از فعالیت آنزیمی می‌شوند. ذرت جهت برداشت دانه و علوفه دارای اهمیت اقتصادی می‌باشد. در مناطق آلوده به تنش فلزات سنگین، جذب این قبیل فلزات توسط گیاه، نه تنها باعث کاهش عملکرد گیاه می‌گردد، بلکه از نظر کیفی و تغذیه‌ای نیز اثر خود را بجا گذارد. جهت ارزیابی تاثیر غلظت و روش-های مختلف کاربرد هورمون سالیسیلیک‌اسید بر رشد، فتوسنتز و ویژگی‌های آناتومیکی و فیزیولوژیکی در ذرت تحت تنش فلزات روی و سرب و همچنین امکان کاهش خطر سمیت این عناصر آزمایشی بصورت گلخانه انجام شد.
مواد و روش‌ها:
اثر کاربرد هورمون سالیسلیک‌اسید روی گیاهان ذرت تحت تنش فلزات سنگین مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. غلظت فلزات شامل: دو غلظت سرب (0 و 250 میلی‌مولار) از منبع نیترات سرب و روی (0 و 2500 میلی‌مولار) از منبع سولفات روی بود. سالیسیلیک‌اسید به دو روش محلول‌پاشی برگی و پرایم بذر در غلظت‌های صفر (آب مقطر)، 750 و 1500 میکرومولار سالیسیلیک‌اسید و یک گروه بذری بدون تنش و بدون اعمال تیمار بعنوان شاهد انجام گردید. آزمایش بصورت فاکتوریل و در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی انجام شد. صفت‌های اندازه‌گیری شده شامل صفات مورفولوژیک (ارتفاع، دمای بوته، اختلاف دمای محیط و برگ و نسبت برگ‌دهی) و صفات فیزیولوژی (شاخص پایداری غشاء، فلورسانس کلروفیلی، پرولین، میزان قندهای محلول، کارتنوئید، پروتئین و بعضی از آنزیم‌ها) و همچنین میزان جذب فلزات سرب و روی در بافت ریشه و بخش هوایی بوته بود. آزمایش در شرایط کشت هیدروپونیک صورت گرفت. نتایج بدست آمده با استفاده از نرم افزار آماری SPSS مورد تجزیه و تحلیل آماری قرار گرفت. مقایسه میانگین داده-ها نیز با نرم افزار SPSS و آزمون دانکن انجام شد. برای رسم جداول از نرم افزار Excel 2003 استفاده گردید.
یافته‌ها:
صفاتی مانند: دمای برگ، اختلاف دمای محیط و برگ و صفات فیزیولوژیک مانند: پرولین، میزان قندهای محلول، کارتنوئید، پروتئین و بعضی از آنزیم‌ها افزایش یافتند و بعضی دیگر از صفات مانند: ارتفاع، و نسبت برگ‌دهی، شاخص پایداری غشاء، فلورسانس کلروفیلی نسبت به شاهد کاهش یافتند. مقایسه روش کاربرد سالیسیلیک‌اسید نشان داد در شرایط بدون تنش، پرایمینگ بذر نتایج بهتری در صفات اندازه‌گیری شده داشت. اما کاربرد محلول‌پاشی برگی تحت تنش سرب ‌و‌ روی از طریق کاهش جذب عناصر سنگین توسط سیستم ریشه باعث بهبود کارکردهای گیاهی و کاهش اثرات تنش شدند.
نتیجه گیری:
سالیسیلیک‌اسید سیستم دفاعی گیاهان را بوسیله سنتز تعدادی پروتئین و افزایش اسمولیت‌های پرولین و قندهای محلول و آنتی-اکسیدانت‌های آنزیمی و غیرآنزیمی مانند کارتنوئید فعال می‌کند. در نتیجه کاهش تنش اکسیداتیو و محافظت از غشائ کلروپلاستی و دستگاه فتوسنتزی، تولیدات فتوسنتزی بهبود می‌یابد در نتیجه ارتفاع و نسبت برگ‌دهی افزایش یافت. سالیسلیک‌اسید نیز جذب فلزات سنگین توسط سیستم ریشه گیاه و انتقال آن به بخش هوایی بوته بازداری کرد که موجب کاهش علائم تنش در بخش هوایی بوته شد. با اعمال سالیسلیک‌اسید بعضی ویژگی‌های مورد بررسی بوسیله کاهش اثرات تنش بهبود یافت. کاربرد روش محلول پاشی برگی باعث بهبود صفات فیزیولوژیک و مورفولوژیک در دوران رشد گیاه شد و بهتر از روش پرایم بذر عمل کرد. در نتیجه، به نظر می‌رسد در شرایط تنش فلزات سرب و روی می‌توان با تیمار محلول پاشی برگی، گیاه را نسبت به تنش این دو فلز متحمل کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

mitigating effect of salicylic acid on corn plant under lead and zinc heavy metal stress.

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hamzeh Mirzaie 1
  • farid shekari 2
  • Reza Fotovat 3
  • Mohammad Amir Delavar 4
1 Doctoral student of Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran.
2 Associate Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan
3 Professor of Plant genetics and products group, Faculty of agriculture. Zanjan university
4 Associate Professor, Department of Soil Science, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Investigations showed that the pollution of heavy metals, especially lead, in fields has caused tension and decreased yield. This issue has caused concern about the risk of consuming contaminated food for human health. The role of plant regulators in heavy metal stress conditions has been of interest in recent years. Lead and zinc (in high concentration) are toxic metals for plants, which are easily absorbed by the plant's root system. As a result, they cause damage to plant growth and development and prevent enzyme activity. Maize is economically important for harvesting seeds and fodder. However, in areas contaminated with metal stress, due to the absorption of metals by the plant, the yield of the cultivated plant in these areas decreases, for this purpose, an experiment aimed at the effect of concentration and different methods of salicylic acid hormone on growth, photosynthesis and anatomical characteristics. and physiological in corn under the stress of zinc and lead metals and also the possibility of reducing the risk of toxicity of these elements is investigated.


Materials and methods: In order to investigate the mitigating effects of two methods of applying salicylic acid hormone on corn plants under heavy metal stress, the experiment was carried out as follows. The concentration of metals included: different concentrations of lead (0 and 250 mM) and zinc (0 and 2500 mM) and the treatments were with two methods of foliar spraying and priming in zero concentrations (distilled water), 750 and 1500 μmol salicylic acid and a group of seeds without stress and no treatment were considered as controls. By implementing a factorial design on morphological traits (height, plant temperature, temperature difference between the environment and leaves, and leafing ratio) and physiological traits (membrane stability index, chlorophyll fluorescence, proline, soluble sugars, carotenoid, protein and some enzymes) as well as the absorption of lead and zinc metals in the root tissue and the aerial part of the plant under hydroponic cultivation conditions. The obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS statistical software. The mean comparison of experimental data was also done with Duncan's test. Excel 2003 software was used to draw the figures.

Results: Morphological traits such as: plant temperature, difference between Environment and leaf temperature and physiological traits such as: proline, soluble sugars, carotenoid, protein and some enzymes increased and some other traits such as: height, and leafing ratio, index Membrane stability, chlorophyll fluorescence decreased compared to the control. These traits showed better results in seed priming treatment without stress. However, the use of foliar spray under lead-zinc and lead stress improved the stress effects by reducing the absorption of heavy elements by the root system.


Conclusions: SA activates the defense system of plants by synthesizing a number of proteins and increasing proline osmolytes and soluble sugars and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants such as carotenoids. As a result of reducing the oxidative stress and protecting the chloroplast membrane and the photosynthetic apparatus, the photosynthetic production is improved, resultly, the height and the proportion of the leaves increased. SA also prevents the absorption of heavy metals by the root system of the plant and its transfer to the aerial part of the plant, which reduces the signs of stress in the aerial part of the plant. By applying salicylic acid, some properties were improved by reducing the effects of stress. The use of foliar spraying improved the physiological and morphological traits during plant growth and worked better than the seed priming method. resultly, in farms with two metals lead and zinc, it is possible to tolerate the stress of these two metals by foliar spraying treatment.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Antioxidant Enzymes and Protein
  • Seed Pretreatment and spray
  • Proline
  • Lead and Zinc
  • Leaf Temperature

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مجله مدیریت خاک و تولید پایدار
دوره 13، شماره 2
تیر 1402
صفحه 53-74

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