ارزیابی توزیع مکانی آلودگی فلزات سنگین با استفاده از فاکتور آلودگی و شاخص زمین انباشتگی در خاک سطحی محل دفن زباله هزارپیچ گرگان

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری ،گروه مدیریت منابع خاک، ارزیابی اراضی و پدومتری، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.

2 دانشیار، گروه فیزیک و آلودگی خاک، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.

3 دانشیار ،گروه فیزیک فرسایش و حفاظت خاک، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: محل‌های دفن زباله یکی از منابع انتشار آلودگی فلزات سنگین در سراسر جهان هستند. گسترش فزاینده زندگی شهرنشینی و افزایش بی رویه جمعیت شهری، موجب افزایش تولید انواع فضولات و مواد زائد شده است. یکی از معظلات رشد سریع جمعیت و صنعتی شدن در کشورهای جهان سوم به خصوص ایران، دفن نامناسب زباله و ایجاد آلودگی ناشی از آن می باشد. از مسائلی که باید به آن توجه ویژه داشت، دفن این فضولات و مواد زائد جامد شهری، شیرآبه ها و گازهای تولید شده از تجزیه زباله‌های دارای ترکیبات آلی می باشد. مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی تأثیر لندفیل دفن زباله شهری گرگان با سابقه دفن بیش از 37 سال، در منطقه هزار پیچ بر توزیع مکانی فلزات سنگین شامل روی، کادمیوم، سرب و مس در خاک منطقه بود. بررسی میزان آلودگی حاصله با استفاده از شاخص‌های زیست محیطی توزیع مکانی فلزات سنگین، فاکتور آلودگی، زمین انباشتگی و بار آلودگی انجام شد.
مواد و روش ها: با انجام مطالعات اولیه و در نظر گرفتن نقشه‌های پایه‌ای موجود، تعداد 110 نمونه از عمق صفر تا 30 سانتیمتری با فواصل منظم تهیه و در نهایت مقادیر فلزات سنگین با استفاده از دستگاه جذب اتمی اندازه‌گیری شد.
یافته ها: نتایج بدست آمده نشان داد که غلظت فلزات سنگین در نمونه‌های جمع‌آوری شده به ترتیب در روی، سرب، مس و کادمیوم بیشترین مقدار را داشتند. میانگین غلظت فلزات سنگین کادمیوم، سرب، مس و روی به ترتیب افزایش 25/2 و 01/1 و 99/0 و 63/0 درصدی نسبت به پس‌زمینه داشتتند که این امر نشان‌دهنده وجود منبع آلودگی نقطه‌ای در منطقه مطالعاتی است. توزیع مکانی پراکنش با توجه به نقشه های استخراج شده، نشان داد سطح بالای غلظت فلزات سنگین در بخش‌های مرکزی و شمال غربی منطقه مورد مطالعه قرار داشته که به‌دلیل مکان محل دفن زباله بوده است. اقلیم مرطوب و وجود توپوگرافی حاکم بر منطقه سبب انتشار شیرابه زباله توسط رواناب شده است، لیکن با افزایش فاصله از محل دفن زباله روند نزولی غلظت آلاینده‌ها نمایان می باشد. فاکتور آلودگی در منطقه مورد نظر بیان‌گر آلودگی متوسط برای فلزات سنگین سرب، مس و روی و آلودگی شدید خاک برای فلز کادمیوم بود. نتایج مربوط به شاخص زمین انباشتگی نیز نشان داد که مقدار میانگین این شاخص در کادمیوم، در کلاس آلودگی "کمی آلوده" قرار دارد و در مس، روی و سرب در کلاس آلودگی " غیرآلوده تا کمی آلوده" قرار دارد. همچنین با توجه به مقدار میانگین شاخص بار آلودگی، خاک سطحی از بار آلودگی متوسط برخوردار می باشد و نتایج بار آلودگی، آلودگی خاک به فلزات سنگین را تأیید می کند. بیشترین غلظت فلزات سنگین در مجاورت محل دفن زباله قابل مشاهده است و با افزایش فاصله بر اساس شیب و توپوگرافی موجود، روند کاهشی وجود داشت.
نتیجه گیری: به نظر می‌رسد منبع آلودگی فلزات سنگین، محل دفن زباله بوده است و عامل اصلی نشر و پخش آن شیرابه‌های حاصل از آن بوده که باعث انتشار آلودگی به مناطق اطراف بر اساس سیمای منطقه و در راستای جهت شیب شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metal pollution Using Pollution Factor and Geo - Accumulation Index in the Surface Soil of Gorgan Hazarpich Landfill

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ali Soudmand 1
  • Soheila Ebrahimi 2
  • Farshad Kiani 3
1 PhD student, Department of Soil Resources Management, Land Evaluation and Pedometry, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
2 Associate Professor, Department of Physics and Soil Pollution, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
3 Associate Professor, Department of Soil Erosion and Conservation Physics, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Background and objectives: Landfills are one of the sources of heavy metal pollution worldwide. The increasing expansion of urban life and the excessive increase of the urban population have caused an increase in the production of all kinds of waste materials. One of the problems of rapid population growth and industrialization in third world countries, especially Iran, is the improper disposal of waste and and pollution caused by it. One of the issues that should be paid special attention to is the burial of these wastes and urban solid wastes, water and gases produced from the decomposition of wastes containing organic compounds. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of Gorgan urban waste disposal landfill with a burial history of more than 37 years, in the Hazara Pitch area, on the spatial distribution of heavy metals including nickel, cadmium, lead and copper in the soil of the area. The amount of pollution was investigated using the environmental indicators of spatial distribution of heavy metals, pollution factor, Geo-accumulation and Pollution Load.
Materials and methods: By conducting preliminary studies and taking into account the existing basic maps, 110 samples were prepared from zero to 30 cm depth with regular intervals and finally, the amounts of heavy metals were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
Results: The obtained results showed that the concentration of heavy metals in the collected samples was the highest in zinc, lead, copper and cadmium, respectively. The average concentration of heavy metals cadmium, lead, copper and zinc respectively increased by 2.25%, 1.01%, 0.99% and 0.63% compared to the background, which indicates the presence of a source of point pollution in the study area.
Spatial distribution according to the extracted maps showed that the high level of concentration of heavy metals in the central and northwestern parts of the studied area was indicated by the location of the landfill. The humid climate and the presence of topography in the area have caused the release of waste leachate by runoff, but with increasing distance from the landfill site, the downward trend of the concentration of pollutants is evident.
The pollution factor in the target area indicated moderate contamination for lead, copper and zinc heavy metals and Severe contamination for cadmium metal. The results related to the Geo-accumulation index also showed that the average value of this index in cadmium is in the " slightly contaminated " Contamination class and in copper, zinc and lead it is in the " Uncontaminated to slightly contaminated " Contamination class. Also, according to the average value of the pollution load index, the surface soil has a Moderate contamination load, and the results of the pollution load confirm the contamination of the soil with heavy metals.
The highest concentration of heavy metals can be seen in the vicinity of the landfill, and there was a decreasing trend as the distance increased based on the available slope and topography.
Conclusion: It seems that the source of heavy metal pollution was the landfill, and the main factor of spreading the resulting leachate was spreading the pollution to the surrounding areas based on the topography of the area and in the direction of the slope.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Distribution of heavy metals
  • Pollution index
  • Landfill
  • Geo-accumulation index

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مجله مدیریت خاک و تولید پایدار
دوره 13، شماره 3
مهر 1402
صفحه 45-62

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