تاثیر کاربرد لجن فاضلاب بر فعالیت فسفاتاز خاک و برداشت عناصر توسط گیاه ذرت مایه‌زنی شده با قارچ‌های همزیست

نوع مقاله : مقاله کامل علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی‌ارشد ، گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران.

2 استادیار ، گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران.

3 دانشیار، گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران.

4 دانشیار ، گروه علوم خاک، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران.

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: به دلیل کم بودن میزان بارش و پوشش گیاهی و نیز استفاده کم از کودهای آلی، خاک‌های ایران دارای مقدار ماده آلی پایینی بوده که کمیت و کیفیت تولیدات کشاورزی را تحت تاثیر قرار می‌دهد. لجن فاضلاب پسماندی آلی است که در برخی مناطق به عنوان کود در کشاورزی استفاده می‌شود و می‌تواند سبب بهبود خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک ‌شود و همچنین باعث افزایش غلظت عناصر غذایی ضروری پرمصرف و کم مصرف موردنیاز برای رشد گیاه می‌شود. ذرت با نام علمیZea mays گیاهی C4 و گرمسیری و نیمه گرمسیری است که یکی از مهمترین غلات دنیا بوده و نیاز غذایی بالایی نیز دارد. تلقیح گیاه با ریزجانداران همزیست به ویژه قارچ‌های همزیست ریشه، توانایی گیاهان را برای جذب بهتر آب و مواد غذایی و مبارزه با تنش‌های محیطی افزایش داده و باعث بهبود رشد و سلامت گیاه می‌شود. از این رو در مطالعه حاضر تاثیر قارچ‌های همزیست ریشه در کشت ذرت بر جذب برخی عناصر ریزمغذی و فسفر با افزودن لجن فاضلاب تصفیه شده بررسی شد.

مواد و روش‎ها: یک نمونه خاک سطحی از مزرعه کشاورزی دانشگاه لرستان تهیه شد. آزمایش به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی شامل 1) تلقیح میکروبی خاک در سه سطح (بدون مایه‌زنی، مایه‌زنی با Rhizophagos intraradices و مایه‌زنی با Serendipita indica) و 2) لجن فاضلاب (صفر و دو درصد وزنی) در سه تکرار تحت شرایط گلخانه‌ای اجرا گردید. بذر ذرت در گلدانهای 4 کیلوگرمی کشت شد و بعد از 3 ماه، مقدار غلظت عناصر فسفر، مس، روی، آهن و منگنز در اندام هوایی و ریشه گیاه اندازه‌گیری شد. همچنین برخی ویژگی‌های میکروبی (تنفس پایه و کربن زیتوده میکروبی و فعالیت آنزیم‌های فسفاتاز اسیدی و قلیایی) در خاک اندازه‌گیری شد.

یافته‏ها: نتایج نشان دهنده تاثیر مثبت افزودن لجن و مایه‌زنی قارچی بر غلظت عناصر در گیاه بود. پارامترهای بیولوژیک خاک با افزودن 2 درصد لجن به طور معنی‌داری (p<0.05) نسبت به خاک بدون لجن افزایش یافتند: تنفس خاک (33 درصد)، کربن زیتوده میکروبی (38 درصد) و فعالیت فسفاتاز اسیدی (35 درصد) و قلیایی (5/6 درصد). همچنین تلقیح قارچی به طور معنی‌داری موجب افزایش غلظت فسفر و عناصر ریزمغذی در ریشه و اندام هوایی گیاه شد. میان دو قارچ تفاوت معنی‌داری دیده نشد تنها در مورد غلظت روی در ریشه، گیاهان مایه‌زنی شده با قارچ R. intraradices نسبت به S. indica غلظت بالاتری را نشان دادند. همبستگی مثبتی بین فسفر قابل دسترس با ماده آلی خاک، زیتوده گیاه و فعالیت آنزیم‌های فسفاتاز اسیدی و قلیایی وجود داشت.

نتیجه‏گیری: نتایج نشان‌دهنده تاثیر مثبت استفاده از لجن فاضلاب تصفیه شده در سطح دو درصد و نیز مایه‌زنی قارچ‌های همزیست ریشه در جذب فسفر و عناصر ریزمغذی به گیاه و بهبود ویژگی‌های رشدی گیاه و نیز بهبود ویژگی‌های بیولوژیک خاک مانند کربن زیتوده میکروبی و فعالیت آنزیم فسفاتاز شد. هر دو قارچ عملکرد مشابه وخوبی داشتند ولی با توجه به اینکه تکثیر S. indica راحت‌تر می‌باشد توصیه می‌شود از این قارچ به عنوان محرک رشد گیاه و کمک کننده به جذب فسفر بهره‌گیری شود و مصرف کود فسفره کم شود. در این تحقیق از لجن تصفیه شده فاضلاب در مقدار کم (2 درصد) استفاده شده و بایستی دقت نمود که استفاده از لجن تصفیه نشده و مقادیر بالاتر لجن ممکن است خطر آلودگی میکروبی و مشکلات مربوط به خود را داشته باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of sewage sludge application on soil phosphatase activity and nutrients uptake by maize plant inoculated with symbiotic fungi

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyedeh Soror Hoseini 1
  • Roya Zalaghi 2
  • Naeimeh Enayatizamir 3
  • Mohammad Feizian 4
1 Master's student, Department of Soil Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Soil Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
3 Associate Professor, Department of Soil Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
4 Associate Professor, Department of Soil Science, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Due to the low amount of rainfall and vegetation and the low use of organic fertilizers, Iran's soils have a low amount of organic matter, which affects the quantity and quality of agricultural products. Sewage sludge is an organic waste that is used as fertilizer in agriculture in some areas and can both improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil and increase the concentration of macro- and micro-nutrients that are essential for plant growth. Maize, Zea mays, is a tropical and subtropical four-carbon plant that is one of the most important grains in the world and has high nutritional requirements. Plant inoculation with symbiotic microorganisms, especially roots symbiotic fungi, could increases the ability of plants to better absorb water and nutrients, fight against environmental stresses, and improve plant growth and health. Therefore, in the present study, the effects of sewage sludge application adjust by inoculation with root endophytic fungi in maize cultivation on the uptake of some micronutrients and phosphorus was investigated.

Materials and Methods: A surface soil sample (0 to 30 cm) was prepared from the agricultural farm of Lorestan University. A factorial experiment in the form of a completely randomized design including soil microbial inoculation at three levels (no inoculation, inoculation with Rhizophagos intraradices, and inoculation with Serendipita indica) and sewage sludge (zero and 2 percent; w/w) was performed in three replicates under greenhouse conditions. Maize seeds were grown in 4 kg pots and after 3 months, the concentration of phosphorus, copper, zinc, iron and manganese elements in the shoot and root of the plant were measured. Also, some microbial characteristics (respiration, microbial carbon biomass, and acid and alkaline phosphatase activity) were measured in the soil.

Results: The results showed the positive effect of both applications of sewage sludge and microbial inoculation on the concentration of elements in the plant. Biological parameters significantly increased (p< 0.05) with the application of 2 % sewage sludge: soil respiration (33 %), microbial carbon biomass (38 %), acid phosphatase (35 %), and alkaline phosphatase (6.5 %). Also, fungal inoculation significantly increased the concentration of phosphorus and micro-nutrients in the roots and shoots of the plant. There were no significant differences between the applications of the two symbiotic fungi; the only exception was the Zn concentration of root that was higher in treatments inoculated with R. intraradices than in treatments inoculated with S. indica. There was a positive correlation between available phosphorus with soil organic matter, plant biomass, and acid and alkaline phosphatase activity.
Conclusion: The results showed the positive effect of using purified sewage sludge at the level of two percent and inoculation of root endophytic fungi in the uptake of phosphorus and micronutrients by the plant, improving plant growth characteristics, and improving soil biological characteristics such as microbial carbon biomass and phosphatase enzyme activity. Inoculation with both symbiosis fungi was similar, but regarding this point that reproduction of S. indica is simpler, so it is recommended as a plant-promoting fungi that could reduce the application of P fertilizers and help the plant to uptake more P from soil. In this research, refined sewage sludge was used in low content (2 %), so it is essential to pay attention to the application of unrefined or higher amounts of sewage sludge that may result in microbial contamination or future problems.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Biological properties of soil
  • Micro-nutrients
  • Mycorrhizal fungi
  • Phosphorus
  • Refined sewage sludge

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مجله مدیریت خاک و تولید پایدار
دوره 13، شماره 4
دی 1402
صفحه 45-62

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